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Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is different about Chromium’s electronic configuration?

A

One 4s electron is given to the 3d subshell

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2
Q

What are the 2 methods of ionisation in spectroscopy?

A

Electrospray and Electron Impact

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3
Q

Why isn’t CCl4 a polar molecule?

A

The molecule is symmetrical

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4
Q

What is the shape of an SF6 molecule?

A

Octahedral

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5
Q

What is the angle of a bent molecule (2 bonds, 2 lone pairs)

A

107

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6
Q

Why is the value for enthalpy of combustion calculated using enthalpy of formation different from the value using mean bond enthalpies?

A

Mean bond enthalpies are calculated using values from a range of compounds whilst enthalpy of formation is an exact value.

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7
Q

What is a homogenous reaction?

A

Every reactant and product is in the same state eg. gas

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8
Q

What effect does a catalyst have on the Kc?

A

No effect

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9
Q

What is the effect of a catalysed reaction on a catalyst?

A

It is chemically unchanged

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10
Q

What is first electron affinity?

A

The enthalpy change when 1 mole of elctrons is added to 1 mole of gaseous atoms under standard conditions to form 1 mole of 1- ions.

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11
Q

How do you confirm the presence of carbonate ions?

A

Add HCl or another acid. It will effervesce if positive, and the gas produced will turn limewater cloudy.

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12
Q

Why must a sulphate solution have HCl added before barium chloride is added?

A

Carbonate ions will give a false positive (white precipitate)

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13
Q

Why does Chlorine have a lower boiling point than Iodine?

A

Chlorine has weaker Van der Waal forces due to less electrons and a smaller radius

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14
Q

How do car exhausts remove poisonous gases?

A

With catalytic converters (CO2 to CO and NO3 to N2 and O2)

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15
Q

How is Sulphur Dioxide produced by cars?

A

Sulphur impurities in the fuel react with oxygen from the air in the engine

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16
Q

How can Sulphur Dioxide gas be removed from power station flue gases?

A

Calcium Carbonate is mixed with water to form an alkaline slurry. This is then sprayed into the gases and salt is formed

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17
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron pair donor

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18
Q

What is relative atomic mass?

A

The mean/average mass of an atom divided by 1/12 the mass of a carbon 12 atom

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19
Q

How is abundance measured in spectroscopy?

A

The positive ions gain an electron from the plate and the current is proportional to the abundance

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20
Q

2 ways isotopes are made

A

Radioactive decay and bombardment with protons/neutrons

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21
Q

Which catalyst is used for catalytic cracking?

A

Zeolite or Aluminium Oxide

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22
Q

What condition is needed for catalytic cracking?

A

Moderate/Slight Pressure

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23
Q

2 exceptions to the electronic configuration rules

A

Cr and Cu - 1 extra 4s electron is given to 3d so it is full/half full

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24
Q

What are the only 2 period 3 elements that burn with a non-white flame when reacting with oxygen?

A

Sodium - yellow flame
Sulfur - blue flame

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25
Q

What is the equation for the formation of bleach?

A

Cl2 + NaOH –> NaCl + NaClO + H2O

(COLD AQUEOUS NAOH)

26
Q

What is the equation for the contact process?

A

SO2(g) + O2(g) –> SO3(g)

27
Q

What is bond enthalpy?

A

The energy required to break 1 mole of specific covalent bonds in the gaseous phase

28
Q

What is a salt bridge usually made from?

A

Saturated KNO3 (potassium nitrate)

29
Q

What is the soluble form of the electrode?

A

A sulphate

30
Q

2 reasons for using platinum as an electrode

A

-Unreactive
-Conducts electricity

31
Q

What are the standard conditions for standard hydrogen electrodes?

A

-H2 gas at 100kPa
-1 mol/dm^3 H+
-298K
-Pt electrode

32
Q

What are the 2 reactions in an alkaline fuel cell?

A

2OH- + H2 –> 2H2O + 2e-

1/2O2 + H2O + 2e- –> 2OH-

33
Q

What are the 2 reactions in an acidic fuel cell?

A

H2 –> 2e- + 2H+
1/2O2 + 2H+ –> H2O

34
Q

What colour is [Cu(H2O)6]2+?

A

Pale blue

35
Q

Which transition metal ion is straw yellow?

A

[CuCl4]2- and [FeCl]3-

36
Q

Which is green: Fe2+ or Fe3+?

A

Fe2+ (Fe3+ is purple or brown because it loses H+ due to its acidity)

37
Q

What is the only transition metal that forms a ligand with ammonia?

A

Cu2+

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ is deep blue

38
Q

Where does oxidation occur in an electrochemical cell?

A

The anode

39
Q

What are the conditions for catalytic cracking?

A

Slight pressure (100-200 kPa)
Zeolite pressure
450 degrees Celsius

40
Q

What reagent is used to convert a haloalkane to an alkene?

A

KOH

41
Q

What does thermal cracking produce?

A

Alkenes

42
Q

Which solvent is used to substitute a haloalkane to a nitrile?

A

A mixture of water and ethanol

43
Q

What are the conditions for the nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes to alcohols?

A

Water
Ethanol
Low temperature

44
Q

Which 2 substances are used to reduce an alkene to an alkane?

A

Ni
H2

45
Q

What are the 2 reagents used to convert an alkene to an alcohol?

A

Steam
Concentrated H2SO4

46
Q

What temperature is needed to convert an alkene to an alcohol?

A

High

47
Q

What is the actual colour of [Cr(H2O)6]3+ and what colour do impurities cause it to appear?

A

Actual colour: purple
Impurities colour: green

48
Q

What are some potentially dangerous products of fuel combustion?

A

Carbon monoxide - binds to haemoglobin irreversibly
Carbon dioxide - deprives the body of oxygen
Carbon particulates - inflame the airways
Unburnt hydrocarbons - react with NOx to form ‘ground level ozone’

49
Q

What are the conditions for thermal cracking?

A

700-1200K
7000kPa

50
Q

What is one disadvantage of thermal cracking (not expenses)?

A

It forms free radical intermediates

51
Q

What is zeolite made of?

A

Aluminium, Oxygen and Silicon

52
Q

What is the order of fractions from most to least viscous?

A

Refinery oil, Gasoline, Naptha, Kerosene, Diesel, Fuel oil, Bitumen

53
Q

What are the 2 main indicators and their changing pHs?

A

Phenolphthalein - colourless to pink around 8.3-10
Methyl orange - red to yellow 3.3-4.1

54
Q

What are the steps for calibrating a pH probe?

A

Rinse in distilled water
Dip it into a buffer solution
Wash it again with distilled water
Dip it into another buffer solution

55
Q

What are the units for volume in the gas equation?

A

m^3

56
Q

What are the equations for a lithium cell?

A

Li –> Li+ + e-
Li+ + CoO2 + e- –> LiCoO2

57
Q

How does V2O5 catalyse the contact process?

A

V2O5 + SO2 –> V2O4 + SO3
2V2O4 + O2 –> V2O5

58
Q

What does MnO4 reduce to?

A

Mn2+

59
Q

What colour is CuCO3?

A

Green

60
Q

What colour is CuO?

A

Black

Chemistry/Physics (7 decks)

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