Chemistry Flashcards by Shayan Khondoker

What is a compound?

Atoms of different elements chemically bonded together

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What is a molecule?

More than one atom chemically bonded (may be the same element)

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What is an atom?

The smallest stable part of an element

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What is an element

Made out of one type of atom

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What are the three states of matter?

Solid, liquid and gas

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What is the particle theory?

A description on the movement and arrangement of particles

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During a change of state, the temperature does not change even though it is still being heated, why?

The energy is being used to make the particles move more rather than to heat up

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What is a melting point?

The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid

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What is a boiling point?

The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas

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Which states of matter have particles in a random arrangement?

Liquid and gas

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Which states of matter have densely packed particles?

Solid and liquid

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Why do substances have different melting and boiling points?

Some substances have stronger bonds between particles which require more energy to break

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What is a condensing point?

The temperature at which a gas turns into a liquid

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What is a freezing point?

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid

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What is a pure substance?

A substance which has nothing added to it, it is in it’s natural state

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What is a formulation?

A mixture which has been designed to create a useful product

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How do you separate salt from water?

Evaporate the water into another container, water has a lower boiling point than salt. Condense the steam to get water back

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How do you separate sand from water?

Use a filter paper and funnel and pour the water and sand in, the water will go through and the sand will get stuck

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What does immiscible mean?

Doesn’t mix

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What does miscible mean?

Does mix

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How do you measure the distance a substance moves in chromatography?

Distance travelled by sample
__________________________________
Distance travelled by the solvent

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How does each group affect charge on ions

Group 1: 1+
Group 2: 2+
Group 3: 3+
Group 4: doesn’t form ions
Group 5: 3-
Group 6: 2-
Group 7: 1-
Group 0: never form ions

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Name the formula for the following:
Hydroxide
Nitrate
Carbonate
Sulphate
Phosphate
Ammonium

Hydroxide: OH -
Nitrate: NO3 -
Carbonate: CO3 2-
Sulphate: SO4 2-
Phosphate: PO4 3-
Ammonium NH4 +

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Do atoms have positive, neutral or negative charge?

Neutral charge

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Number of protons = ?

Atomic number

Number of neutrons = ?

Mass number - atomic number

Number of electrons = ?

Mass number

What is an isotope?

2 or more forms of an element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

What did John Dalton discover in 1803?

He found out that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms

What did J J Thompson discover and create in 1904

He discovered the electron and created the plum pudding model

What did Rutherford discover in 1911?

He found that most alpha particles in the plum pudding model go through gold foil and a small amount get deflected. This shows that the mass is concentrated in the nucleus and also that the nucleus has a positive charge

What did Niels Bohr discover in 1913?

That electrons orbit the nucleus in shells and that the nucleus is made out of protons

What did Chadwick discover in 1932?

The neutrally charged particle called the neutron which is also found in the nucleus

What do the following stand for? ‘s’ ‘l’ ‘g’ ‘aq’

Solid Liquid Gas Aqueous

What is the formula for methane?

CH4

Why are all elements neutrally charged?

Because they all have the same amount of protons, neutrons and electrons which balance out to an neutral charge

What does the group number mean?

Number of outer shell electons

What does the period number mean?

Number of shells

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

Carbon dioxide makes limewater go milky / cloudy

What is the test for oxygen?

Oxygen relights a glowing splint

What is the test for hydrogen?

Hydrogen makes a lit split burn out with a squeaky pop

What is the test for chlorine?

Chlorine bleaches damp blue litmus paper and makes it turn white

Why are some metals shiny and some dull?

Some metals react with oxygen which makes them appear dull

What is the reactivity series?

Potassium (please) Sodium (send) Calcium (chunky) Magnesium (monkeys) Aluminium (and) Carbon (careless) Zinc (zebras) Iron (into) Tin (these) Lead (lovely) Hydrogen (hot) Copper (countries) Silver (signed) Gold (general) Platinum (penguin)

How do you extract potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium?

Electrolysis

How do you extract zinc, chromium, iron, nickel, tin, lead and copper?

Displacement using carbon

How do you extract mercury and silver?

Thermal decomposition

How do you extract gold and platinum?

You don’t need to, they are found as elements

What are ores?

Natural rocks underground which contain metals

What is an alloy?

A mixture of 2 or more elements where at least one are metal

What is corrosion

When a metal reacts with water and/or oxygen to form metal oxides or metal hydroxide, causing the metal to wear away

What is crude oil?

A mixture of different compounds with different boiling points so that they can be separated by distillation

What are the 4 separation methods?

Distillation Fractional distillation Filtration Chromatography

What percentage of our atmosphere is nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide?

Nitrgoen: 78% Oxygen: 21% Argon: 0.9% Carbon dioxide: 0.037%

What is corrosion?

When a metal reacts with water and/or oxygen to form a metal oxide or a metal hydroxide which makes the metal wear away

What is rusting?

When iron reacts with oxygen and/or water to form iron oxide or iron hydroxide which makes the metal wear away

What is deposition?

When a gas turns to a solid

What is sublimation?

When a solid turns into a gas

What is an alkane?

A hydrocarbon which has a singular bond between carbon atoms. They have twice plus two as many hydrogen atoms compared to carbon atoms

What is an alkene?

A hydrocarbon which has a double bond between carbon atoms. They have twice as many hydrogen atoms compared to carbon atoms

What is the mass of a proton?

What is the mass of a neutron?

What is the mass of an electron?

1 _____ 2000

What hydrocarbon is CH4?

Methane

What hydrocarbon is C2H6?

Ethane

What hydrocarbon is C3H8?

Propane

What hydrocarbon is C4H10?

Butane

What hydrocarbon is C5H12?

Pentane

What hydrocarbon is C6H14?

Hexane

How many electrons can the first shell hold?

How many electrons can any shell after 1 hold?

What is the test for water?

Water turns blue cobalt chloride paper from blue to pink