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Year 9 by Shayan > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic ‘building block’ of all forms of life

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with a nucleus

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3
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell without a nucleus

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The border of all cells, it controls what goes in and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The area where the cell’s genetic info is found

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6
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

The interior of the cell, where most chemical reactions needed for life are found

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7
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

A structure which acts as the powerhouse of the cell and release energy for the cell

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8
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

The structure where proteins are made

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9
Q

What is the chloroplast?

A

A structure responsible for carrying out photosynthesis

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10
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

A structure filled with cell sap which is a store for the cell’s nutrients

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11
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A structure surrounding the cell membrane which strengthens the cell

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12
Q

What is DNA?

A

The molecules which hold genetic info in cells.

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13
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A little loop of DNA which is only found in prokaryotic cells

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14
Q

What parts of a cell are found in a plant cell and not an animal cell?

A

Chloroplast
Cell wall
Vacuole

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15
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Size of image
___________________
Size of real object

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16
Q

What is an organism?

A

Any living thing, made from one cell or multiple

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17
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell which is designed to carry out a specific task in the body as efficiently as possible

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18
Q

Name as many specialised cells as you can

A

Red blood cell
White blood cell
Sperm cell
Egg cell
Nerve cell
Muscle cell
Ciliated cell
Villi
Hair cell
Epithelium
Palisade cell
Thyroid follicular cell
Root hair cell
Xylem cell
Phloem cell

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19
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structures and functions

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20
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of tissues for performing a task

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21
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together

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22
Q

What is magnification?

A

How much a microscope can enlarge an object

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23
Q

What is resolution?

A

The level of detail you can see through a microscope with

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24
Q

What is a light microscope?

A

A microscope which uses beams of light and lenses to magnify something. It can see the nucleus of a cell but not much more

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25
Q

What is an electron microscope

A

A microscope which uses beams of electrons to make a magnified image. It has a very high resolution and can be used to see small parts of a cell with great detail

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26
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from high to low concentrated areas, requires no energy

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27
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration between 2 places, steeper gradient means bigger difference between concentrations

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28
Q

What is an exchange surface?

A

A place where an exchange of substances take place

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29
Q

What is a diffusion pathway?

A

A distance over which a substance must diffuse

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30
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane which only allows certain things to pass through

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31
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a diluted area to a concentrated area

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32
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles against the concentration gradient, AKA lower concentration to higher concentration

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33
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

The organ where products of digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream

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34
Q

What is the lung?

A

The organ where gas exchange occurs

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35
Q

What are gills?

A

The organ in a fish where gas exchange occurs

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36
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The technical term for breathing in and out

37
Q

What does unicellular mean?

A

Describes an organism made of one cell

38
Q

What does multicellular mean?

A

An organism made of more than 1 cell

39
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

The state of a cell before it becomes specialised

40
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process of becoming a specialised cell (from a stem cell)

41
Q

What is an embryo?

A

A young multicellular organism created by fertilisation

42
Q

What is the cell cycle and it’s stages?

A

The cell cycle is when one cell divides to make another replica of it.
1) growth of the cell
2) replication of DNA
3) preparation for cell division
4) cell divides

43
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A structure containing 1 molecule of DNA

44
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst which speeds up chemical reactions in organisms

45
Q

What is a digestive enzyme?

A

An enzyme which works in the digestive system

46
Q

What is an active site?

A

The part of the enzyme where reactions take place

47
Q

What is a denature?

A

A disruption to the shape of the enzyme which happens when the enzyme is too hot or at the wrong pH level

48
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule which fits into an enzyme’s active site and reacts to create a product(s)

49
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

A type of molecule found in all living things which is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

50
Q

What is a lipid?

A

A scientific word for fat, made up of glycerol and fatty acids

51
Q

What is a protein?

A

A type of molecule made from amino acids, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

52
Q

Where are the following produced?
Carbohydrase
Protease
Lipase

A

Carbohydrase: salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine wall
Protease: stomach, pancreas, small intestine wall
Lipase: pancreas, small intestine wall

53
Q

What is a ventricle?

A

One of the larger chambers in the heart. Left ventricle pumps blood around the body, right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs

54
Q

What is an atria?

A

One of the smaller chambers, these fill up with blood then pump it into the ventricle

55
Q

What is an aorta?

A

The artery which leaves the left ventricle which branches off to supply every cell in the body with blood

56
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

The vital vein transporting blood from the body to the right atrium

57
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

The blood vessel leaving the right ventricle, carrying blood to the lungs

58
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

The vein transporting oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

59
Q

What is an artery?

A

A blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart at a high pressure

60
Q

What is a capillary

A

A small, thin walled blood vessel where the exchange of blood and body cells take place

61
Q

What is a vein?

A

A blood vessel which returns blood to the heart at a low pressure, these contain valves

62
Q

What is a valve

A

A flap which prevents blood from flowing backwards

63
Q

What is a coronary blood vessel?

A

A branch from the aorta which supplies the heart with blood

64
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid part of the blood made from water mostly, but also glucose, proteins, ions and carbon dioxide dissolved in it

65
Q

What is a red blood cell?

A

A disc shaped cell containing haemoglobin which binds with oxygen to be carried to the lungs and tissues

66
Q

What is a white blood cell?

A

A cell that fights infections in the blood caused by pathogens

67
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing virus, fungi or protist which can affect humans and plants

68
Q

What is a platelet

A

Fragments of cells that clot blood at the wound to reduce blood loss

69
Q

What is a clot?

A

A solid clump of blood formed when there is an injury

70
Q

What does reproducible mean?

A

A result which can be found again if a person carries out the same method

71
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable you change to find different results in an experiment

72
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable you measure to see how an experiment changes

73
Q

What is a control variable?

A

A variable that you must keep the same so it doesn’t affect the end result

74
Q

What is a random error?

A

An unpredictable error which can be caused by a human or by a measurement

75
Q

What is a systematic error?

A

An error measurement which is the same everytime

76
Q

What is an uncertainty?

A

The amount of error you may have in your measurements

77
Q

What is a correlation?

A

The relationship between 2 variables

78
Q

How is a red blood cell adapted?

A

They have a bi-concave shape so they have a larger surface area to hold more oxygen

79
Q

How is a white blood cell adapted?

A

They can change shape to squeeze between blood vessels so that they can get to the site of the infection

80
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted?

A

They have a long tail so they can swim to the egg cell

81
Q

How is an egg cell adapted?

A

It contains nutrients in it’s cytoplasm so that the embryo can grow early in it’s life

82
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted?

A

They have a long fibre called an axon so they can send messages up and down the body over long distances in little time

83
Q

How is a muscle cell adapted?

A

They contain filaments of protein that slide over each other to cause a muscle contraction

84
Q

How is the villi adapted?

A

They have capillaries inside of them so that diffusion with blood is quick

85
Q

How is the root hair cell adapted?

A

They have a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption

86
Q

How is the xylem cell adapted?

A

It loses it’s end walls so that the cell becomes a continuous, hollow hole for water to pass through

87
Q

How is a phloem cell adapted?

A

It has a sieve-like tube so sucrose and amino acids can pass through

88
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

89
Q

What is meiosis?

A

When a cell divides into cells which are genetically unique to the parent and contain half as much DNA

Year 9 by Shayan (8 decks)

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