chemistry! Flashcards
Mayer is anything that has a _________ and takes up __________
mass
space
is it P or C?
COLOUR
Physical
Is it P or C?
Flammability
CHEMICAL
Is it P or C?
State
PHYSICAL
Is it P or C?
Boiling point
PHYSICAL
Is it P or C?
Malleability
PHYSICAL
Is it P or C?
Flash point
CHEMICAL
Is it P or C?
Solubility
PHYSICAL
Is it P or C?
Conductivity
PHYSICAL
Pure substance
Matter made form one type of particle
Element
Pure substance made from 1 atom
Compound
Pure substance made firm 2+ elements
Mixture
Combination of pure substances
Homogeneous mixture
Mixture looks same throughout
Heterogeneous mixture
Mixture looks different throughout. Different parts are visible
Solution
Mixture is clear throughout (liquid homogeneous mixture)
Suspension
Mixture is cloudy (particles may be seen)
PROTON
Symbol - p+
Mass - 1
Charge - 1
Location - inside nucleus
NEUTRON
Symbol - n°
Mass - 1
Charge - 0
Location - inside nucleus
ELECTRON
Symbol - e-
Mass -0.0005
Charge -1
Location - orbiting the nucleus
What determines the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons
What determines atomic mass of an element
Weight of protons and neutrons added together
Metals are found where on the period table?
LEFT SIDE
Non metals are found on what side of the periodic table?
RIGHT SIDE
Horizontal groups name and their relation?
Period, number of orbiting energy shells
Vertical groups name and their relation?
Groups/families, valence electrons
SHARE SIMILAR PROPERTIES
Column with most reactive metals?
Alkali Metals (Group 1)
Column with most reactive non-metals?
Halogens (Group 17)
On the Periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of
Atomic #
Diatomic molecules
I HAVE NO BROTHERS OR CLOSE FRIENDS
Iodine
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Bromine
Oxygen
Chlorine
Fluorine
Transition medals are found where?
Middle of periodic table
Atomic notation?
64 • mass #
Cu
29 • atomic #
Physical property
- Observed with senses
- Determined without destroying matter
Chemical property
- Substance reacts with something else
- Matter is changed into a new substance after reaction
Physical or Chemical property?
Blue colour
Density
Melting point
Flammability
Reacts with water
Hardness
Solubility
Reacts with acid
Supports combustion
Sour taste
Odor
Boiling point
Reacted with air
P
P
P
C
C
P
P
C
C
P
P
P
C
Chemical change
- New substance formed
- Change in physical and chemical properties
Physical change
- Change in size, shape, or STATE
- NO new substance formed
physical or chemical change?
wood turns into ash
CHEMICAL - ash can’t be turned back into wood
Physical changes (chopping, melting, shredding, boiling, dissolving) have 2 categories
Qualitative properties
Quantitive properties
PHYSICAL - Examples of qualities properties
Colour
Texture
Smell
Taste
Malleability/ductility
Texture
Change in state
PHYSICAL - Examples of quantitive properties
Melting point (mp)
Boiling point (bp)
Density
Solubility
Viscosity
Conductivity
*** ALL CAN BE MEASURED
CHEMICAL REACTION CHARACTERISTICS
Energy change (temp, light, sound, elec)
Odor change (appearance or disappearance)
Colour change
Formation of gas
Formation of precipate (solid) - biggest one
*STATES OF MATTER are NOT chem change
Chemical reactions are just …
SAME # of atoms, just rearranged in a diff order
Properties of a metal
Silver
Shiny
Good conductors of heat
Malleable
Ductile
Solid at room temp except mercury
Properties of a non-metal
Dull
Brittle
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Solid, liquid, or gas at room temp
What are metalloids and their characteristics?
Share properties between metals and non metals
Examples: Boron, silicon, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po
Run along the staircase
What are isotopes
Same # of protons as an element but different # of neutrons
Ie. neutral carbon (different variation of carbon)
Alkali metals
Group #, Properties, and # of valence
- shiny
- silvery
- most reactive metals
- 1 valence
- Group 1
Low bp
Not easily found in earth
Alkaline Earth Metals
Group #, Properties, and # of valence
- shiny
- light
- silvery
- reactive metal but not as reactive as Alkali Metals (g 1)
- toxic in high concentrations
- 2 valence
Halogens
Group #, Properties, and # of valence
- non-metal
- poisonous
- most reactive non metal
- group 17
- 7 valence electrons
- high bp
Noble gases
Group #, Properties, and # of valence
- non-metal
- stable
- non-reactive
-don’t tend to form compounds - 8 valence electrons (except helium valence of 2)
- group 18
of neutrons =
Atomic mass- atomic #
4 or less valence …
Loose electrons/becomes more pos/ CATION
More then 4 valence electrons
Gain electrons/more neg/ANION
Cation (+ charge) - metals
Keep og name of metal + ion
Metal + ion
Ex. Magnesium ion
Anion (- charge)
Non metals
- keep stem of the name and add -ide
Ox + ide = oxide
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfide
Bohr diagrams rep
Atomic build up of elements atom
Lewis diagrams rep
Simplified way to show valence
Mass
How much matter is in an object
A measure of the force of gravity on an object
Weight
Volume
The amount of space that matter occupies
The measure of how much mass of a substance is contained in a volume
Density
Chemistry is the study of ________ and it’s _________
Matter
Changes
Partial theory of matter (provides reasons why matter acts the way it does)
All matter is made up of tiny particles
There are spaces between particles
Partials attract one another
Particles are always moving/in motion
Diff substances = diff particles
States of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Solid
Fixed shape
Particles only move a little/vibrate
As a solid is heated, the particles move faster until energy is enough to break away from fixed positions (melt)
Liquid
Large enough spaces for particles to slide
Can take any shape of its container
When absorbs heat, particles go into evaporation
Gas
Moves fast
Particles make space between them
pure substances extended
Cannot be broken down into smaller pieces
Can be an element (Gold/Au) or compound (h20)
mixtures extended:
Substance made of at least 2 types of particles
Can be a solid, liquid or gas
Ionic compounds
Metal (cation) and non metal (anion)
Properties
- brittle
- hard
- good electrolytes
- high melting point
Binary compounds with multivalent cation
Metal (2+ charges) + nonmetal
From formula to name (DONT SIMPLIFY) it will mess up the Roman numerals
From name to formula… simplify
Compounds involving polyatomic ions
NOT BINARY (2 elements) COMPOUNDS
3+ elements
when more than 1 poly ion is req put in bracket
Metals could be variable or fixed
- reverse criss cross
- check for multivalent
- metal name + (multivalent) + poly anion name
Acids
recognized by hydrogen at front
2 types
- binary (where acid has 1 element beside hydrogen)
• hydro (element root)ic acid
ex HCl = hydrochloric acid
- oxyacid (hydrogen has polyatomic ion)
• (element root)ic acid
ex HClO3 = chloric acid
Bases
OH anion (non-metal)
Exception: 2 bases that do not have OH are NH4, or metal carbonates - Na2CO3, K2CO3)
PO3 (2-)
Phosphite
SO3 (2-)
Sulfite
C2H3O2
Acetate
All “ite” turn into
ous for acids
Chromic acid
H2CrO4
Molecular compounds
Binary compound of 2 non-metals
mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca
— write name of first element and if subscript is 2+ add prefix. DO NOT ADD PREFIX IF SUBSCRIPT IS 1
— add “ide” and prefix to 2nd
N2O = dinitrogen monoxide
In molecular compounds oxygen always knocks out prefix Ex…
P2O5
Diphosphorous pentaoxide
NO
Diphosphorous PENToxide
3 types of equations
Skeleton (element symbols)
Word (element names)
Balenenced equations (following the law of conservation of mass - matter cannot be created or destroyed/4g of H + 32g of oxygen = 36g of water
Chemical reactions occur when…
Atoms react
Atoms are never lost, just rearranged
Synthesis
One product
- two smaller reactants make a more complex product
A+B = AB
Ba + O2 = BaO
Decomposition reaction
A large complex molecules breaks down to form 2 smaller products
AB = A + B (complimentary to synthesis reaction)
NaCl = Na + Cl2
Single displacement
When an element takes the place of another element
a) cation (metal) replacing cation
K + Li2O = K2O + Li
A + BC. = AC + B
b) anion (non-metal) replacing anion
F2 + Li2O = LiF + O2
A + BC. = B (always metal first) A + C
Double displacement
Cations (metals) of two compounds, exchange places to form 2 new compounds - ionic compounds (metal + nonmetal)
AB + CD = CB + AD (a and c are metals)
MgCl2 + Na2O = NaCl + MgO
Metals keep their og charges in the product
What are Combustion reactions know for
Burning
Release of energy
For combustion… what 3 things have to be present
- fuel
- oxygen
- heat
What is a hydrocarbon
Molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen
General formula: CxHy
used as fuels
What are the two types of combustion of hydrocarbons
- Complete
- Incomplete
(DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF O2 PRESENT)
Complete combustion
- Good amount of o2 is present
- Hydrocarbon reacts to form co2 and water vapour
- releases the most energy in the form of light and heat
- clean flames (very hot/blue flame)
General formula
Hydrocarbon + oxygen gas —> carbon dioxide + water vapour + energy
Incomplete combustion
- not a lot of oxygen (yellow flame/less heat)
- produces h2o (water vapour), and energy as well as any combination of co2, co, c
General formula:
Hydrocarbon + oxygen gas —> water vapour + energy + carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide and/or carbon
Since there are so many possible reactants, incomplete combustions cannot be represented by one single equation
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
- 250x stronger than O2
- only a very high concentration of o2 can displace one co molecule
Threats of CO
Headache
Fatigue
Nausea
Muscle aches
Dizziness
Difficulty swallowing
Rapid heart beat
Changes in sensory sensitivity
What is corrosion
The breakdown of metals
most metals _____________
Corrode
Iron forms ___________
Copper forms _______________
Aluminum forms ___________
Iron oxide (rust)
Copper oxide
Aluminum oxide
Rust (iron oxide)
Rusting is when iron reacts with oxygen
Fe + O2 —> Fe2O3
Iron + oxygen = iron iii oxide
Accelerated with water pressure / electrolytes
Rust is a reddish brown porous material that flakes to expose a fresh layer of iron for further corrosion until all flakes
How can corrosion be benefitical
Copper developed a corrosion resistant layer called patina after being exposed to the atom pourer for several months
- so resistant that a copper roof remains weather proof for 75 years
Also
Aluminum oxide is known for preventing corrosion
How can we prevent metals from corroding
Paint - protective coatings
Plastic/ stainless steel - corrosion resistant materials
Coating with thin zinc layer - galvanizing
ACIDS AND BASES - characteristics
Acids -
- dissolve in water to produce h+ ions
- blue litmus paper turns pink
- reacts with metals to protect h gas
- reacts with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
- sour taste
- feels like water but can burn skin
- conducts electricity
ACIDS AND BASES - BASES
Bases
- dissolve in water to produce hydroxide ions
- turns red litmus paper blue
- does not react with metals or carbonates
- bitter taste
- slippery and can burn
- conducts electricity
PH SCALE
Ph = power of hydration
Most acidic to most basic
1. Hydrochloric acid
2. Lemon/ vinegar/ apple
3 banana
4. Milk
5. Water ph7
6. Blood
7. Soap
8. Ammonia
9. Drain cleaner
The ph scale indicates the _________ of an _______ (h+ ions) or ________ (oh- ions)
Concentration
Acid
Base
If ph increases by 1, it is 10x more basic
If ph decreased by 1, it is 10x more acidic
Many solutions of acids and bases are
______ and _______
Clear and colourless
COMMON INDICATORS
-phenolphthalein (clear acids/ pink bases)
-Litmus (red turns blue for BASE. blue turns pink/red for ACID)
-ph paper
-cabbage (natural indicator)
- ph meter (digitally displays ph)
How is ph important for my health?
Some foods are more acidic (fries) and some are more basic (broccoli)
If ph goes under 6.8 or over 7.8 it is bad
Should stay at 7.4
Swimming pools need to be at a proper ph to not irritate swimmers
Neutralization reactions
Mix of an acid and base (double displacement reaction)
Ph 7 as they both get neutralized
Products of neutralization relations
Water (H+ and OH-)
Ionic compound (salt) - formed from the other elements
Example of neutralization reaction
- HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
- 2HNO3 + Na2CO3= 2NaNO3 + H2CO3
H2CO3 = CO2 and H2O (l)
Uses of neutralization reaction
Bee sting that attacks the nerves can be neutralized with an ammonia based cream
Stomach juice kills Hermes and is neutralized by based in small intestines
Acid reflux can stop with the use of antacids (medication ie. Tums, which use non-toxic bases)
Cleaning up chemical spills
If a strong acid is spilt, use a base to neutralize it and raise its ph
