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chemistry! Flashcards

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1
Q

Mayer is anything that has a _________ and takes up __________

A

mass
space

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2
Q

is it P or C?
COLOUR

A

Physical

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3
Q

Is it P or C?
Flammability

A

CHEMICAL

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4
Q

Is it P or C?
State

A

PHYSICAL

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5
Q

Is it P or C?
Boiling point

A

PHYSICAL

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6
Q

Is it P or C?
Malleability

A

PHYSICAL

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7
Q

Is it P or C?
Flash point

A

CHEMICAL

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8
Q

Is it P or C?
Solubility

A

PHYSICAL

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9
Q

Is it P or C?
Conductivity

A

PHYSICAL

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10
Q

Pure substance

A

Matter made form one type of particle

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11
Q

Element

A

Pure substance made from 1 atom

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12
Q

Compound

A

Pure substance made firm 2+ elements

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13
Q

Mixture

A

Combination of pure substances

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14
Q

Homogeneous mixture

A

Mixture looks same throughout

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15
Q

Heterogeneous mixture

A

Mixture looks different throughout. Different parts are visible

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16
Q

Solution

A

Mixture is clear throughout (liquid homogeneous mixture)

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17
Q

Suspension

A

Mixture is cloudy (particles may be seen)

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18
Q

PROTON

A

Symbol - p+
Mass - 1
Charge - 1
Location - inside nucleus

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19
Q

NEUTRON

A

Symbol - n°
Mass - 1
Charge - 0
Location - inside nucleus

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20
Q

ELECTRON

A

Symbol - e-
Mass -0.0005
Charge -1
Location - orbiting the nucleus

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21
Q

What determines the atomic number of an element?

A

The number of protons

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22
Q

What determines atomic mass of an element

A

Weight of protons and neutrons added together

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23
Q

Metals are found where on the period table?

A

LEFT SIDE

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24
Q

Non metals are found on what side of the periodic table?

A

RIGHT SIDE

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25
Q

Horizontal groups name and their relation?

A

Period, number of orbiting energy shells

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26
Q

Vertical groups name and their relation?

A

Groups/families, valence electrons
SHARE SIMILAR PROPERTIES

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27
Q

Column with most reactive metals?

A

Alkali Metals (Group 1)

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28
Q

Column with most reactive non-metals?

A

Halogens (Group 17)

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29
Q

On the Periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of

A

Atomic #

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30
Q

Diatomic molecules
I HAVE NO BROTHERS OR CLOSE FRIENDS

A

Iodine
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Bromine
Oxygen
Chlorine
Fluorine

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31
Q

Transition medals are found where?

A

Middle of periodic table

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32
Q

Atomic notation?

A

64 • mass #
Cu
29 • atomic #

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33
Q

Physical property

A
  1. Observed with senses
  2. Determined without destroying matter
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34
Q

Chemical property

A
  1. Substance reacts with something else
  2. Matter is changed into a new substance after reaction
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35
Q

Physical or Chemical property?
Blue colour
Density
Melting point
Flammability
Reacts with water
Hardness
Solubility
Reacts with acid
Supports combustion
Sour taste
Odor
Boiling point
Reacted with air

A

P
P
P
C
C
P
P
C
C
P
P
P
C

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36
Q

Chemical change

A
  1. New substance formed
  2. Change in physical and chemical properties
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37
Q

Physical change

A
  1. Change in size, shape, or STATE
  2. NO new substance formed
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38
Q

physical or chemical change?
wood turns into ash

A

CHEMICAL - ash can’t be turned back into wood

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39
Q

Physical changes (chopping, melting, shredding, boiling, dissolving) have 2 categories

A

Qualitative properties
Quantitive properties

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40
Q

PHYSICAL - Examples of qualities properties

A

Colour
Texture
Smell
Taste
Malleability/ductility
Texture
Change in state

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41
Q

PHYSICAL - Examples of quantitive properties

A

Melting point (mp)
Boiling point (bp)
Density
Solubility
Viscosity
Conductivity
*** ALL CAN BE MEASURED

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42
Q

CHEMICAL REACTION CHARACTERISTICS

A

Energy change (temp, light, sound, elec)
Odor change (appearance or disappearance)
Colour change
Formation of gas
Formation of precipate (solid) - biggest one

*STATES OF MATTER are NOT chem change

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43
Q

Chemical reactions are just …

A

SAME # of atoms, just rearranged in a diff order

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44
Q

Properties of a metal

A

Silver
Shiny
Good conductors of heat
Malleable
Ductile
Solid at room temp except mercury

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45
Q

Properties of a non-metal

A

Dull
Brittle
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Solid, liquid, or gas at room temp

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46
Q

What are metalloids and their characteristics?

A

Share properties between metals and non metals
Examples: Boron, silicon, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po

Run along the staircase

47
Q

What are isotopes

A

Same # of protons as an element but different # of neutrons
Ie. neutral carbon (different variation of carbon)

48
Q

Alkali metals
Group #, Properties, and # of valence

A
  • shiny
  • silvery
  • most reactive metals
  • 1 valence
  • Group 1
    Low bp
    Not easily found in earth
49
Q

Alkaline Earth Metals
Group #, Properties, and # of valence

A
  • shiny
  • light
  • silvery
  • reactive metal but not as reactive as Alkali Metals (g 1)
  • toxic in high concentrations
  • 2 valence
50
Q

Halogens
Group #, Properties, and # of valence

A
  • non-metal
  • poisonous
  • most reactive non metal
  • group 17
  • 7 valence electrons
  • high bp
51
Q

Noble gases
Group #, Properties, and # of valence

A
  • non-metal
  • stable
  • non-reactive
    -don’t tend to form compounds
  • 8 valence electrons (except helium valence of 2)
  • group 18
52
Q

of neutrons =

A

Atomic mass- atomic #

53
Q

4 or less valence …

A

Loose electrons/becomes more pos/ CATION

54
Q

More then 4 valence electrons

A

Gain electrons/more neg/ANION

55
Q

Cation (+ charge) - metals

A

Keep og name of metal + ion
Metal + ion
Ex. Magnesium ion

56
Q

Anion (- charge)

A

Non metals
- keep stem of the name and add -ide
Ox + ide = oxide
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfide

57
Q

Bohr diagrams rep

A

Atomic build up of elements atom

58
Q

Lewis diagrams rep

A

Simplified way to show valence

59
Q

Mass

A

How much matter is in an object

60
Q

A measure of the force of gravity on an object

A

Weight

61
Q

Volume

A

The amount of space that matter occupies

62
Q

The measure of how much mass of a substance is contained in a volume

A

Density

63
Q

Chemistry is the study of ________ and it’s _________

A

Matter
Changes

64
Q

Partial theory of matter (provides reasons why matter acts the way it does)

A

All matter is made up of tiny particles
There are spaces between particles
Partials attract one another
Particles are always moving/in motion
Diff substances = diff particles

65
Q

States of matter

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

66
Q

Solid

A

Fixed shape
Particles only move a little/vibrate
As a solid is heated, the particles move faster until energy is enough to break away from fixed positions (melt)

67
Q

Liquid

A

Large enough spaces for particles to slide
Can take any shape of its container
When absorbs heat, particles go into evaporation

68
Q

Gas

A

Moves fast
Particles make space between them

69
Q

pure substances extended

A

Cannot be broken down into smaller pieces

Can be an element (Gold/Au) or compound (h20)

70
Q

mixtures extended:

A

Substance made of at least 2 types of particles
Can be a solid, liquid or gas

71
Q

Ionic compounds

A

Metal (cation) and non metal (anion)
Properties
- brittle
- hard
- good electrolytes
- high melting point

72
Q

Binary compounds with multivalent cation

A

Metal (2+ charges) + nonmetal
From formula to name (DONT SIMPLIFY) it will mess up the Roman numerals

From name to formula… simplify

73
Q

Compounds involving polyatomic ions

A

NOT BINARY (2 elements) COMPOUNDS
3+ elements
when more than 1 poly ion is req put in bracket
Metals could be variable or fixed

  • reverse criss cross
  • check for multivalent
  • metal name + (multivalent) + poly anion name
74
Q

Acids

A

recognized by hydrogen at front
2 types
- binary (where acid has 1 element beside hydrogen)
• hydro (element root)ic acid
ex HCl = hydrochloric acid

  • oxyacid (hydrogen has polyatomic ion)
    • (element root)ic acid
    ex HClO3 = chloric acid
75
Q

Bases

A

OH anion (non-metal)
Exception: 2 bases that do not have OH are NH4, or metal carbonates - Na2CO3, K2CO3)

76
Q

PO3 (2-)

A

Phosphite

77
Q

SO3 (2-)

A

Sulfite

78
Q

C2H3O2

A

Acetate

79
Q

All “ite” turn into

A

ous for acids

80
Q

Chromic acid

A

H2CrO4

81
Q

Molecular compounds

A

Binary compound of 2 non-metals
mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca

— write name of first element and if subscript is 2+ add prefix. DO NOT ADD PREFIX IF SUBSCRIPT IS 1

— add “ide” and prefix to 2nd

N2O = dinitrogen monoxide

82
Q

In molecular compounds oxygen always knocks out prefix Ex…

A

P2O5

Diphosphorous pentaoxide
NO
Diphosphorous PENToxide

83
Q

3 types of equations

A

Skeleton (element symbols)
Word (element names)
Balenenced equations (following the law of conservation of mass - matter cannot be created or destroyed/4g of H + 32g of oxygen = 36g of water

84
Q

Chemical reactions occur when…

A

Atoms react
Atoms are never lost, just rearranged

85
Q

Synthesis

A

One product
- two smaller reactants make a more complex product

A+B = AB

Ba + O2 = BaO

86
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

A large complex molecules breaks down to form 2 smaller products

AB = A + B (complimentary to synthesis reaction)

NaCl = Na + Cl2

87
Q

Single displacement

A

When an element takes the place of another element

a) cation (metal) replacing cation
K + Li2O = K2O + Li
A + BC. = AC + B

b) anion (non-metal) replacing anion
F2 + Li2O = LiF + O2
A + BC. = B (always metal first) A + C

88
Q

Double displacement

A

Cations (metals) of two compounds, exchange places to form 2 new compounds - ionic compounds (metal + nonmetal)

AB + CD = CB + AD (a and c are metals)
MgCl2 + Na2O = NaCl + MgO

Metals keep their og charges in the product

89
Q

What are Combustion reactions know for

A

Burning
Release of energy

90
Q

For combustion… what 3 things have to be present

A
  • fuel
  • oxygen
  • heat
91
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

Molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen

General formula: CxHy

used as fuels

92
Q

What are the two types of combustion of hydrocarbons

A
  1. Complete
  2. Incomplete

(DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF O2 PRESENT)

93
Q

Complete combustion

A
  • Good amount of o2 is present
  • Hydrocarbon reacts to form co2 and water vapour
  • releases the most energy in the form of light and heat
  • clean flames (very hot/blue flame)

General formula
Hydrocarbon + oxygen gas —> carbon dioxide + water vapour + energy

94
Q

Incomplete combustion

A
  • not a lot of oxygen (yellow flame/less heat)
  • produces h2o (water vapour), and energy as well as any combination of co2, co, c

General formula:
Hydrocarbon + oxygen gas —> water vapour + energy + carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide and/or carbon

Since there are so many possible reactants, incomplete combustions cannot be represented by one single equation

95
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

A
  • 250x stronger than O2
  • only a very high concentration of o2 can displace one co molecule
96
Q

Threats of CO

A

Headache
Fatigue
Nausea
Muscle aches
Dizziness
Difficulty swallowing
Rapid heart beat
Changes in sensory sensitivity

97
Q

What is corrosion

A

The breakdown of metals

98
Q

most metals _____________

A

Corrode

99
Q

Iron forms ___________
Copper forms _______________
Aluminum forms ___________

A

Iron oxide (rust)
Copper oxide
Aluminum oxide

100
Q

Rust (iron oxide)

A

Rusting is when iron reacts with oxygen
Fe + O2 —> Fe2O3
Iron + oxygen = iron iii oxide

Accelerated with water pressure / electrolytes

Rust is a reddish brown porous material that flakes to expose a fresh layer of iron for further corrosion until all flakes

101
Q

How can corrosion be benefitical

A

Copper developed a corrosion resistant layer called patina after being exposed to the atom pourer for several months
- so resistant that a copper roof remains weather proof for 75 years

Also

Aluminum oxide is known for preventing corrosion

102
Q

How can we prevent metals from corroding

A

Paint - protective coatings
Plastic/ stainless steel - corrosion resistant materials
Coating with thin zinc layer - galvanizing

103
Q

ACIDS AND BASES - characteristics

A

Acids -
- dissolve in water to produce h+ ions
- blue litmus paper turns pink
- reacts with metals to protect h gas
- reacts with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
- sour taste
- feels like water but can burn skin
- conducts electricity

104
Q

ACIDS AND BASES - BASES

A

Bases
- dissolve in water to produce hydroxide ions
- turns red litmus paper blue
- does not react with metals or carbonates
- bitter taste
- slippery and can burn
- conducts electricity

105
Q

PH SCALE

A

Ph = power of hydration
Most acidic to most basic
1. Hydrochloric acid
2. Lemon/ vinegar/ apple
3 banana
4. Milk
5. Water ph7
6. Blood
7. Soap
8. Ammonia
9. Drain cleaner

106
Q

The ph scale indicates the _________ of an _______ (h+ ions) or ________ (oh- ions)

A

Concentration
Acid
Base

If ph increases by 1, it is 10x more basic
If ph decreased by 1, it is 10x more acidic

107
Q

Many solutions of acids and bases are
______ and _______

A

Clear and colourless

108
Q

COMMON INDICATORS

A

-phenolphthalein (clear acids/ pink bases)
-Litmus (red turns blue for BASE. blue turns pink/red for ACID)
-ph paper
-cabbage (natural indicator)
- ph meter (digitally displays ph)

109
Q

How is ph important for my health?

A

Some foods are more acidic (fries) and some are more basic (broccoli)

If ph goes under 6.8 or over 7.8 it is bad

Should stay at 7.4

Swimming pools need to be at a proper ph to not irritate swimmers

110
Q

Neutralization reactions

A

Mix of an acid and base (double displacement reaction)
Ph 7 as they both get neutralized

111
Q

Products of neutralization relations

A

Water (H+ and OH-)
Ionic compound (salt) - formed from the other elements

112
Q

Example of neutralization reaction

A
  1. HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
  2. 2HNO3 + Na2CO3= 2NaNO3 + H2CO3

H2CO3 = CO2 and H2O (l)

113
Q

Uses of neutralization reaction

A

Bee sting that attacks the nerves can be neutralized with an ammonia based cream

Stomach juice kills Hermes and is neutralized by based in small intestines

Acid reflux can stop with the use of antacids (medication ie. Tums, which use non-toxic bases)

Cleaning up chemical spills
If a strong acid is spilt, use a base to neutralize it and raise its ph

science exam (3 decks)

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