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science exam > bio before systems > Flashcards

bio before systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organisms must fulfil the following characteristics

A

reproduce independently (which is why virus are not living because they use hosts cells to reproduce)
use energy in form of food or external source

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2
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of life, structure and function (cells detoxify blood, not the liver)

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3
Q

STRUCTURE

A

ANATOMY (looks)

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4
Q

FUNCTION

A

PHYSIOLOGY (job)

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5
Q

hierarchy

A

chem level
(Water molecule)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal

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6
Q

The 2 different types of cells (Cell are characterized by how they store dna )

A

Prokaryotic (stringy dna in nucleus) - bacteria
Eukaryotic (enclosed dna in nucleus) - animal and plant cells

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7
Q

similarities between pro and eukaryotic

A

Dna
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane

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8
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Simple
Small
Reproduces quickly
No Nucleus
Single cell that lacks organelles

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9
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus
Large
Complex
Organelles
Multicellular
Chromosomes

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10
Q

What is diffusion

A

Intermixing of 2 particles/substances
— this will naturally happen in cells to exchange information.

Diffusion is simple in prokaryotic because it is a smaller cell

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11
Q

Functional divisions

A

How eukaryotic cells are able to expand their size (co-opting small prokaryotic)

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12
Q

Cells are filled with

A

CYTOPLASM (fluid that contains sugars proteins and salts)

extracellular fluid has the same build

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13
Q

Organelles are made with an ____________

A

oil layer

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14
Q

CELL MEMBRANE

A

Double Layer of oil
Phospholipids that let small particles in but fats out

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15
Q

CELL WALL

A

in plant cells
Made of cellulose
Armour for plants to maintain turgid cells not flaccid cells

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16
Q

NUCLEUS

A

Dna storage center

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17
Q

RIBSOSOMES

A

composed of RNA
constructs proteins
Dna makes a photocopy of rna that is delivered to endoplasmix reticulum

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18
Q

ER

A

highly folded membrane branching away from nucleus

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19
Q

SER

A

Smooth Er
The er helps diffuse materials to get through cell

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20
Q

PUTTING IT TOGETHER

A
  1. nucleus photocopies instructions
  2. Instructions enter rer that houses protein making ribosomes
  3. Proteins diffuse through ers to rest of cell
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21
Q

GOLGI BODY

A

See connects to golgi to deliever proteins through VESICLES

Flattened center with bubble edges where vesicles dock

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22
Q

Vesicles

A

Export/import materials

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23
Q

Lysosome

A

Cleans up cell with digestive enzymes

24
Q

Vacuoles

A

Storage vesicles
— large in plants to make turgor pressure

25
Q

MITOCHONDIRA

A

manufactures energy with cellular respiration
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide, water and energy

26
Q

CHLOROPLASTS

A

with green clotophyll inside that uses the suns energy + water + carbon dioxide to make glucose and oxygen

27
Q

all specialized cells branch from ______ ______

A

STEM CELLS (cell division in 2 daughter cells and genes change to create different types of specialized cells)

28
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

When cells gain a specific role in an organism

29
Q

RBC

A

biconcave discs - maneuver through tight areas
carry oxygen
travels through narrow blood vessels and single file in capillaries

30
Q

MUSCLE CELLS

A

muscles that move body - striated muscle (striped)
- muscle contraction is when muscles concentric and eccentric contraction
- long parrellel fivers bundled in groups

31
Q

SKIN CELLS

A

skin is an organ (integumentary system)
upper most layer (epidermis) has a squamous shape

Defensive virus protection and prevents water loss

32
Q

BRAIN CELLS

A

brain is most complex organ
3 bill cells
STELLATE shape (allows cells to branch out and connect with others to make complex neurological pathways in the brain)

33
Q

WBC

A

love like amoeba and engulf bacteria to fight infection

34
Q

CELL CYCLE

A

20 minutes
Interphase (longest phase/cell grows)
- G1- active cell, duplicates organelles, replicating centrosomes

S- replicating DNA

G2- cell growth continues, enzymes are synthesizers and chromosomes are compleated

35
Q

Mitosis

A

Method of the complex eukaryotic cells reproduction

36
Q

PMAT

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

37
Q

PROPHASE

A

busiest phase
nuclear membrane breaks down
spindle fibers appear
— 2 identical chromatids attach themselves to centromere of a chromosome

38
Q

METALHASE

A

Chromosomes line up of metaphase plate
Chromosomes line up so each strand of dna lies of each side of the central line

39
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are separated
Daughter chromosomes are made
Spindle fibers contract to pull apart chromosomes

40
Q

TELEOPHASE

A

Cell sets back to normal
Spindles disappear
Dna back to strings
Membrane back
Cell undergoes cytokinesis (3rd stage)

41
Q

CYTOKINESIS

A

Cell splitting into 2
Animal cells - pinch
Plant cells - build new cell wall

42
Q

CANCER

A

Dna damage : exogenous
endogenous

43
Q

MUTATIONS

A

error in DNA code, sometimes this can happen to the dna that instructs on how to control cell division

44
Q

Cancer cells are ones that have their _____ phase turned on permanently

A

M PHASE (instead of going through interphase, a mutated cell undergoes fast replication)

45
Q

NORMAL CELLS V CANCEROUS CELLS

A

A normal - one nucleus
Cancer - enlarged nuclei bc they are constantly replicating dna
- weird shape

46
Q

Oncogenes help tumour take over healthy cells by

A

Providing nutrients for abnormally rapid growth with angiogenesis

47
Q

TUMOUR

A

cluster of cancer cells causing obstructions

they take rid of the healthy cells and don’t preform the organs proper function

48
Q

blood cancer

A

Leukemea - bone marrow wbc
Lymphoma - lmyp system
Myeloma - malignant cancer cells

49
Q

Benign cells

A

NOT CANCEROUS - removed through surgery
Can crowd surrounding tissues

50
Q

Malignant cells

A

CANCER
invades tissues and sneerers blood vessels

51
Q

Stages 1

A

Tumour is small

52
Q

Stage 2

A

Larger than s1 but hasn’t spread to tissues

53
Q

Stage 3

A

Large and spread to tissues

54
Q

Stage 4

A

Spreads to organs

55
Q

CANCER TREATMENTS

A

surgery - tumours in 1 area/early stages
chemo - drugs to kill fast growing cc/used to shrink tumours so that radiation is possible
Radiation - night does of radiation to kill/shrink tumours - early stages to make other surgeries (chemo) effective

56
Q

NOT ONLY 1 TREATMENT WORKS FOR EVERYONE

A

some tumours are resistant to drugs while others may not be allowed to be revived w surgery

science exam (3 decks)

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