bio before systems Flashcards
organisms must fulfil the following characteristics
reproduce independently (which is why virus are not living because they use hosts cells to reproduce)
use energy in form of food or external source
Cell
Basic unit of life, structure and function (cells detoxify blood, not the liver)
STRUCTURE
ANATOMY (looks)
FUNCTION
PHYSIOLOGY (job)
hierarchy
chem level
(Water molecule)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal
The 2 different types of cells (Cell are characterized by how they store dna )
Prokaryotic (stringy dna in nucleus) - bacteria
Eukaryotic (enclosed dna in nucleus) - animal and plant cells
similarities between pro and eukaryotic
Dna
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Prokaryotic cells
Simple
Small
Reproduces quickly
No Nucleus
Single cell that lacks organelles
Eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
Large
Complex
Organelles
Multicellular
Chromosomes
What is diffusion
Intermixing of 2 particles/substances
— this will naturally happen in cells to exchange information.
Diffusion is simple in prokaryotic because it is a smaller cell
Functional divisions
How eukaryotic cells are able to expand their size (co-opting small prokaryotic)
Cells are filled with
CYTOPLASM (fluid that contains sugars proteins and salts)
extracellular fluid has the same build
Organelles are made with an ____________
oil layer
CELL MEMBRANE
Double Layer of oil
Phospholipids that let small particles in but fats out
CELL WALL
in plant cells
Made of cellulose
Armour for plants to maintain turgid cells not flaccid cells
NUCLEUS
Dna storage center
RIBSOSOMES
composed of RNA
constructs proteins
Dna makes a photocopy of rna that is delivered to endoplasmix reticulum
ER
highly folded membrane branching away from nucleus
SER
Smooth Er
The er helps diffuse materials to get through cell
PUTTING IT TOGETHER
- nucleus photocopies instructions
- Instructions enter rer that houses protein making ribosomes
- Proteins diffuse through ers to rest of cell
GOLGI BODY
See connects to golgi to deliever proteins through VESICLES
Flattened center with bubble edges where vesicles dock
Vesicles
Export/import materials
Lysosome
Cleans up cell with digestive enzymes
Vacuoles
Storage vesicles
— large in plants to make turgor pressure
MITOCHONDIRA
manufactures energy with cellular respiration
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide, water and energy
CHLOROPLASTS
with green clotophyll inside that uses the suns energy + water + carbon dioxide to make glucose and oxygen
all specialized cells branch from ______ ______
STEM CELLS (cell division in 2 daughter cells and genes change to create different types of specialized cells)
What is cell differentiation
When cells gain a specific role in an organism
RBC
biconcave discs - maneuver through tight areas
carry oxygen
travels through narrow blood vessels and single file in capillaries
MUSCLE CELLS
muscles that move body - striated muscle (striped)
- muscle contraction is when muscles concentric and eccentric contraction
- long parrellel fivers bundled in groups
SKIN CELLS
skin is an organ (integumentary system)
upper most layer (epidermis) has a squamous shape
Defensive virus protection and prevents water loss
BRAIN CELLS
brain is most complex organ
3 bill cells
STELLATE shape (allows cells to branch out and connect with others to make complex neurological pathways in the brain)
WBC
love like amoeba and engulf bacteria to fight infection
CELL CYCLE
20 minutes
Interphase (longest phase/cell grows)
- G1- active cell, duplicates organelles, replicating centrosomes
S- replicating DNA
G2- cell growth continues, enzymes are synthesizers and chromosomes are compleated
Mitosis
Method of the complex eukaryotic cells reproduction
PMAT
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
PROPHASE
busiest phase
nuclear membrane breaks down
spindle fibers appear
— 2 identical chromatids attach themselves to centromere of a chromosome
METALHASE
Chromosomes line up of metaphase plate
Chromosomes line up so each strand of dna lies of each side of the central line
Anaphase
Chromosomes are separated
Daughter chromosomes are made
Spindle fibers contract to pull apart chromosomes
TELEOPHASE
Cell sets back to normal
Spindles disappear
Dna back to strings
Membrane back
Cell undergoes cytokinesis (3rd stage)
CYTOKINESIS
Cell splitting into 2
Animal cells - pinch
Plant cells - build new cell wall
CANCER
Dna damage : exogenous
endogenous
MUTATIONS
error in DNA code, sometimes this can happen to the dna that instructs on how to control cell division
Cancer cells are ones that have their _____ phase turned on permanently
M PHASE (instead of going through interphase, a mutated cell undergoes fast replication)
NORMAL CELLS V CANCEROUS CELLS
A normal - one nucleus
Cancer - enlarged nuclei bc they are constantly replicating dna
- weird shape
Oncogenes help tumour take over healthy cells by
Providing nutrients for abnormally rapid growth with angiogenesis
TUMOUR
cluster of cancer cells causing obstructions
they take rid of the healthy cells and don’t preform the organs proper function
blood cancer
Leukemea - bone marrow wbc
Lymphoma - lmyp system
Myeloma - malignant cancer cells
Benign cells
NOT CANCEROUS - removed through surgery
Can crowd surrounding tissues
Malignant cells
CANCER
invades tissues and sneerers blood vessels
Stages 1
Tumour is small
Stage 2
Larger than s1 but hasn’t spread to tissues
Stage 3
Large and spread to tissues
Stage 4
Spreads to organs
CANCER TREATMENTS
surgery - tumours in 1 area/early stages
chemo - drugs to kill fast growing cc/used to shrink tumours so that radiation is possible
Radiation - night does of radiation to kill/shrink tumours - early stages to make other surgeries (chemo) effective
NOT ONLY 1 TREATMENT WORKS FOR EVERYONE
some tumours are resistant to drugs while others may not be allowed to be revived w surgery
