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Exam 2 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Is the study of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

What are isomers

A

Compounds w the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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3
Q

4 ways carbon skeletons can vary:

A
  • straight
    -length
  • branched
  • rings
  • double bonds
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4
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH
Alcohols

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5
Q

Draw hydroxyl

A

H H
H- C - C - OH
H H

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6
Q

Carbonyl

A
  • metabolites of fat or alcohol catabolism
  • keystones / aldehyde
  • acetones
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7
Q

Draw carbonyl

A

H O H
I II. l
H - C - C - C - H
H. H

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8
Q

Carboxyl

A
  • imports an acidic quality
    -COOH
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9
Q

Carboxyl drawing

A

O
ll
-C- OH

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10
Q

Amino

A
  • alkaline
  • base
    NH2
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11
Q

Draw amino

A

H
l
- N - H

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12
Q

Sulfhydryl

A
  • helps stabilize protein structure
    -SH
    HS-
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13
Q

Draw sulfhydryl

A

R - S
l
H

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14
Q

Phosphate

A
  • structure & energy
  • OPO3 2-
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15
Q

Phosphate draw

A

O
- O - P - O -
l
O-

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16
Q

Methyl

A
  • genetics
  • CH3
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17
Q

Macromolecules

A

Are large molecules and are complex
Are polymers, built from monomers

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18
Q

A polymer

A

Is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
- carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid

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19
Q

Monomers

A

Repeating units that serve as a building block

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20
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and polymers of sugars

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21
Q

Simplest carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
= keystones or aldehyde

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22
Q

Carbohydrate macromolecules

A

Are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

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23
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Synthesizing a polymer
- removes a water molecule, forming a bond

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24
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaking down a polymer
- adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

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25
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Have the maximum # of H atoms possible and NO double bonds
- most animal fats
- solid at room temp

26
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Have one or more double bonds
- plant and fish fats
- bend
- liquid at room temp

27
Q

What fatty acid are healthiest ?
Bad fatty acid ?

A

Healthiest - unsaturated
Bad - trans fats

28
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Changing unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

29
Q

In a phospholipid

A

There are 2 fatty acids ( hydrophobic ) and a phosphate ( hydrophilic ) group are attached to glycerol

30
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide of plants, consist of glucose monomers

31
Q

Where do plants store starch ?

A

As granules within chloroplasts and other plastids

32
Q

Glycogen

A

Is a storage polysaccharide in animals

33
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A

Liver and muscle cells

34
Q

Chitin

A

Structural polysaccharide
- found in fungal cell walls and in exoskeleton

35
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

36
Q

Polypeptide

A

Folded to functional to make protein

37
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of protein’s structure or to unfold protein

38
Q

What causes desaturation

A

pH , salt concentration, temp

39
Q

Virus

A

Infectious particle, consisting of genes packaged in protein coat

40
Q

What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don’t?

A

Nucleus and membrane bound organelles

41
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Are channels that perforate plant cell walls - communication
- water and small molecules can pass

42
Q

Tight junctions

A

Neighboring cells pressed together, preventing leakage of extra cellular fluid
- water proofing

43
Q

Desmosomes junction

A

Strong sheets

44
Q

Gap junction

A

Communication in animal cell

45
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

Once pro
- mitochondria and chloroplasts

46
Q

Enzyme

A

Chemical agents that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
ALL ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS

47
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

48
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Series/multi step reaction

49
Q

Catabolic

A

Breakdown

50
Q

Anabolic

A

Build up

51
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

Bind to the active cite of an enzyme, competing w the substrate

52
Q

Non competitive inhibition

A

Bind to another part of the enzyme, changing shape, less effective

53
Q

Activation energy

A

Initial

54
Q

Energy

A

Ability to make change

55
Q

Free energy

A

Can be used

56
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed only transferred or transformed

57
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Every Energy transfer increases the disorder (entropy) of the Universe

58
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release of free energy and spontaneously occur in nature

59
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Absorbs free energy and undergoes work

60
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphospate
The cells energy shuttle

Exam 2 (2 decks)

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