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chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of condenser jacket

A

increase contact time due to flow against gravity, then can condense water vapour for liquid to flow out

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2
Q

arrangement and movement
(solid)

A

very closely packed together in an orderly arrangement
vibrate in fixed positions

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3
Q

arrangement and movement
(liquid)

A

closely packed together but not in an orderly arrangement
slide and roll over each other and moving freely throughout the liquid

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4
Q

arrangement and movement
(gas)

A

far apart in random arrangement
moving freely at high speeds

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5
Q

straight line in a melting graph

A

temperature remains constant during change in state as heat energy is taken into overcoming the forces of attraction, holding the particles together instead of raising the temperature

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6
Q

straight line in a freezing graph

A

particles in the liquid give out energy and move slower
particles move closer together and eventually remain in their fixed positions

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7
Q

physical properties
(ionic compound)

A
  1. high mp and bp
  2. soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents
  3. good conductor of electricity in the molten and aqueous state
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8
Q

high mp and bp
(ionic compound)

A

large amount of energy is needed to overcome the strong intermolecular forces between the oppositely charged ions

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9
Q

properties of covalent compound

A
  1. low mp and bp
  2. soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water
  3. does not conduct electricity in any state
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10
Q

low mp and bp
(covalent compound)

A

little amount of energy is needed to overcome the weak intermolecular forces between the charged ions.

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11
Q

how are elements arranged ?

A

number of valence electron = group no.
number of electron shells = period no.

across the period, changes from metal to non-metals (metallic character decreases)

-> tendency to lose electrons decreases while tendency to gain electrons increases

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12
Q

physical properties
(group 1- alkali metals)

A
  1. low mp and bp
  2. low density
  3. soft and easily cut with a knife
  4. good conductor of electricity and heat
  5. shiny and silvery in colour
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13
Q

trend of alkali metal

A

down the group ,
mp and bp decreases
reactivity increases

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14
Q

physical properties
(group 7- halogens)

A
  1. exists as diatomic molecules
    -> two atoms chemically combined together
  2. coloured non-metals
  3. low mp and bp
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15
Q

trend of halogens

A

down the group,
mp and bp increases
reactivity decreases
colour intensity increases

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16
Q

colour of each halogen

A

F2 - pale yellow gas
Cl2 - yellow gas
Br2 - red-brown liquid
I2 - black solid
At2 - black solid

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17
Q

physical properties
(group 0 - noble gases)

A
  1. low mp and bp
  2. exists as monoatomic gases
  3. colourless non-metals
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18
Q

physical properties of metals

A
  1. high mp and bp
    -> a lot of energy is required to overcome the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positively charged metal ions and negatively charged electrons
  2. good conductor of electricity and heat
    -> presence of free and mobile delocalised electrons to carry electrical charges
  3. malleable and ductile
    -> atoms are arranged in an orderly manner hence the layers of atoms can slide over each other easily when a force is applied
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19
Q

example of an alloy

A

brass
-> copper and zinc

steel
-> iron and carbon

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20
Q

alloys are harder and stronger than pure metals

A

presence of different sized atoms disrupt the orderly arrangement of atoms , making it difficult for the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when a force is applied

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21
Q

why is aluminium unreactive ?

A

aluminium reacts with oxygen in the air to form a layer of aluminium oxide which prevents aluminium from further reaction .

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22
Q

raw materials of extraction

A

haematite , Fe2O3
coke , C
limestone , CaCO3

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23
Q

why are recycling metals important ?

A
  • finite resources which we must conserve
  • requires less energy than extracting metals , saving energy
24
Q

precipitation

A

prepare an insoluble salt ,
2 soluble reagents

25
titration
preparing “SPA” salts, 2 soluble reagent -> acid -> alkali
26
reaction of acids
prepare non-SPA soluble salts, 1 soluble reagent (acid) 1 insoluble reagent (metal/ base/ carbonate )
27
factors affecting speed of reaction
1. concentration 2. pressure 3. particle size 4. temperature
28
carbon monoxide, CO
source: incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels harmful effect: combines with haemoglobin in red blood cell and prevents oxygen supply to all parts of the body
29
surfer dioxide , SO2
source: burning of fossil fuels in factories, volcanic eruptions harmful effect: react with water vapour and oxygen in the air to form acid rain which damages limestone building
30
oxides of nitrogen , NOx
source: lightning activity harmful effect: react with water vapour and oxygen in the air to form acid rain which damages limestone building
31
differences between boiling and evaporation
boiling: bubbles observed takes places throughout the liquid fast process evaporation: no bubbles observed takes paces on the studs elf the liquid slow process
32
definition of isotopes
atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
33
QA ANALYSIS
anions: - add silver ,, chloride present - add barium ,, sulfate present - add aluminium ,, nitrate present - add acid which give out co2 ,, carbonate present
34
Testing for unsaturated compounds
TEST : add substance to aqueous bromine OBSERVATIONS : red-brown aqueous bromine turns colourless if substance is an alkene OBSERVATIONS : red-brown aqueous broke remains of substance is an alkane
35
pollution problems caused by disposal of poly(ethene)
1) plastics are non-biodegradable hence it fills up landfills, causing air pollutions 2) plastics produces toxic fumes when burnt , causing air pollution
36
oxides
acidic oxides - oxides of non-metal - react with base basic oxides - oxides of metal - react with acids amphoteric oxides - react with both acidic or base - ZnO, Al2O3 , PbO neutral oxide - do not react - NO, CO, H2O
37
define exothermic
a change which transfers energy to the surroundings - temp rise examples are condensation , metal displacement reaction
38
define endothermic
is a change that takes in energy from the surroundings - temp fall examples ammonium chloride
39
format to explain SOR
1. factor 2. reason 3. frequency of effective collisions 4. S.O.R examples - concentration increases - more particles per unit volume - higher frequency of effective collisions b/w reacting particles (specify) - s.o.r increases
40
oxidation and reduction
oxidation + S - H + O - E reduction - S + H - O + E
41
rules to work out O.S
1) elements have O.S of 0 2) O.S of a simple ion is the charge on the ion 3) O.S of hydrogen +1 , O2 -2 , grp 1 +1 , grp 2 +2 4) O.S of e- in a compound add up to zero 5) sum of O.S of the e- in an ion = charge in the ion
42
uses for petroleum gas
fuel for cooking
43
uses for petrol
fuel for motor cars
44
uses for naphtha
making petrochemicals
45
uses for kerosene
fuel for aircraft, heating and cooking
46
uses for diesel
fuel for buses, taxis and lorries
47
uses for lubricating oil
lubricants for waves
48
uses for bitumen
surfacing roads
49
homologous series of alkanes
1) same general formula , CnH2n+2 2) similar chemical properties as they have same functional group 3) show a gradation in physical properties 4) each member differs from the next by -CH2- group of atoms
50
physical properties of alkanes and alkenes
as no. of carbon atoms increase, mp & bp increases density increases viscosity increases ( ability to flow) flammability decreases (ability to catch fire) solubility (insoluble in water)
51
why do mp & bp increases as no. of carbon atoms increases ?
molecular size increases surface area increases intermolecular forces of attraction increase energy required to overcome intermolecular forces of attraction increase
52
chemical properties of alkanes
1) combustion - complete combustion (gives out CO2 + H2O) 2) substitution with chlorine - ultraviolet light is needed
53
homologous series of alkene
1) same general formula , CnH2n 2) similar chemical properties as they have same functional group 3) show a gradation in physical properties 4) each member differs from the next by -CH2- group of atoms
54
cracking of alkanes molecules
chemical reaction which breaks up large and long-chain alkane molecules into smaller and more useful hydrocarbons molecules and/or hydrogen
55
conditions for cracking to take place
- high temp of 600degree - finely divided aluminium oxide catalyst
56
chemical properties of alkenes
1) combustion - complete combustion (gives out CO2 + H2O) 2) bromination - dibromoethane 3) hydrogenation - presence of nickel catalyst at 200degree

O LEVEL GRIND (4 decks)

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