Chemistry

Question 1

what is a bronsted acid and a bronsted base?

Answer 1

A bronsted lowry acid donates protons

A Bronsted base accepts protons

Question 2

what is a lewis acid and lewis base

Answer 2

They both transfer electrons to form a bond,

the base is the electron donor

the acid is the electron donor

Question 3

what are salt bridges?

Answer 3

• contain inert electrolytes
• in a galv cell, only a wire were provided for this electron flow, the reaction would stop, because excess pos and excess neg on both sides would accumulate. causing no oxi-red reaction to take place,so the current would cease
• so we use salty bridges, to permit the exchange of cations and anions,
  it contains KCl or NH4NO3 which are inert electrolytes,
• they contain ions that will not react with the electrodes or the ions in the solution
• anions diffuse to the anode side, to balance the charge of newly created cations
• the cations of the salt bridge, go to the cation side of the bridge, to balance the cathode side, to balance the anions that left
• when cations are reduced, they precipate onto the electrode

Question 4

Describe Nucleophiles

Answer 4

• Nuclease loving, they have lone pairs or pi bonds that form new bonds to electrophiles.
• determined by 4 factors
• charge- nucleophilicty increases with electron density (more neg charge)
• electronegativity- nucleophilicty decreases as electroneg increases,
• steric hinderance- bulkier molecules are less nucelophilic
• solvent- protic solvesn can inhibit nucelophilicity by protoniating the nucleophile or hydrogen bonding

Question 5

what is conduction and convection?

Answer 5

• conduction occrus when heat is transferred by direct collsion between molecuels in one material and molecules in another
• convection- when molecules of a liquid or gas are heated, then moved from once place to another

Question 6

what are diastereomers?

Answer 6

• isomers that have different chiral configurations at one or more chiral centers
• they can be distinguished by IR spectroscopy
• example would be cis/trans isomers

Question 7

what happens to boiling point as hydrogen bonding decreases

Answer 7

It decreases