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GCSE > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Relative Formula Mass (Mr)

A

sum of relative masses of atoms in a compound

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2
Q

Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

A

average mass of one atom of an element

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3
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
have different mass number
have same atomic number

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4
Q

Molecular Formula

A

gives the actual numbers of atoms of each element in a molecule

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5
Q

Concentration

A

amount of solute in a certain volume of solution
g/dm^3
mass (g) / volume (dm^3)

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6
Q

Empirical Formula

A

gives the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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7
Q

Mole

A

Mass / Mr

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8
Q

Avogadro’s Number

A

6.02 x 10^23

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9
Q

Acid

A

A substance with a pH lower than 7 and produces H+ ions when dissolved in water

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10
Q

Limiting Reactant

A

Reactant used up in a reaction

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11
Q

Alkali

A

A soluble base that releases OH- ions when dissolved in water

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12
Q

Base

A

A substance with a pH greater than 7 which only produces a salt and water during neutralisation

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13
Q

Indicator

A

A substance with changes colour when added to an acidic or alkaline solution

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14
Q

Neutral Solution

A

A solution that is neither acidic nor alkaline and has a pH of 7

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15
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound made of hydrogen and carbon only

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16
Q

Crude oil

A

A finite resource made from plant and animal remains from millions of years ago found in rocks
A complex mixture of different compounds including hydrocarbons

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17
Q

Deposition

A

When a gas becomes a solid without becoming a liquid

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18
Q

Sublimation

A

When a solid becomes a gas without becoming a liquid

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19
Q

Formulation

A

Useful mixtures composed of specific amounts of each compound

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20
Q

% of nitrogen in early atmosphere

A

0%

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21
Q

% of nitrogen in current atmosphere

A

78%

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22
Q

% of oxygen in early atmosphere

A

0%

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23
Q

% of oxygen in current atmosphere

A

21%

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24
Q

% of carbon dioxide in early atmosphere

A

70%

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25
Q

% of carbon dioxide in current atmosphere

A

0.04%

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26
Q

% of water vapour in early atmosphere

A

10%

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27
Q

% of water vapour in current atmosphere

A

0.06%

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28
Q

% of methane in early atmosphere

A

20%

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29
Q

% of methane in current atmosphere

A

0%

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30
Q

Alkane Formula

A

Cn H2n+2

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31
Q

Methane

A

CH4

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32
Q

Ethane

A

C2H6

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33
Q

Propane

A

C3H8

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34
Q

Butane

A

C4H10

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35
Q

Alkene Formula

A

Cn H2n

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36
Q

Ethene

A

C2H4

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37
Q

Propene

A

C3H6

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38
Q

But-1-ene

A

C4H8

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39
Q

But-2-ene

A

C4H8

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40
Q

What is gas used for?

A

heating and cooking

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41
Q

What is petrol used for?

A

fuel for cars

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42
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

fuel for aircrafts

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43
Q

What is diesel oil used for?

A

fuel for cars and trains

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44
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

fuel for ships

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45
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

road and roof surfacing

46
Q

All common ammonium salts

A

soluble in water

47
Q

All common potassium salts

A

soluble in water

48
Q

Most sulfates

A

soluble in water

49
Q

Lead chloride

A

INsoluble in water

50
Q

Silver chloride

A

INsoluble in water

51
Q

Most chlorides

A

soluble in water

52
Q

Sodium carbonate

A

soluble in water

53
Q

Calcium sulfate

A

INsoluble in water

54
Q

Barium sulfate

A

INsoluble in water

55
Q

Lead sulfate

A

INsoluble in water

56
Q

Sodium hydroxide

A

soluble in water

57
Q

Most carbonates

A

INsoluble in water

58
Q

potassium carbonate

A

soluble in water

59
Q

ammonium carbonate

A

soluble in water

60
Q

Sodium carbonate

A

soluble in water

61
Q

Most hydroxides

A

INsoluble in water

62
Q

ammonium hydroxide

A

soluble in water

63
Q

potassium hydroxide

A

soluble in water

64
Q

All common sodium salts

A

soluble in water

65
Q

1 mole contains ____ particles

A

6.02 x 10^23

66
Q

NO of molecules =

A

moles x 6.02 x 10^23

67
Q

NO of atoms =

A

NO of molecules x NO of atoms in a molecule

68
Q

Mass (g) of 1 mole =

A

(Ar) relative atomic mass of element

69
Q

Percentage mass of element in compound =

A

Mr of element/Mr of compound x 100

70
Q

acid + metal

A

salt + hydrogen

71
Q

acid + metal oxide

A

salt + water

72
Q

acid + metal hydroxide

A

salt + water

73
Q

acid + metal carbonate

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

74
Q

Energy change =

A

Bonds broken - Bonds formed

75
Q

Exothermic

A

A reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings

76
Q

Endothermic

A

A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings

77
Q

Rate of reaction =

A

(amount of reactants used up / products produced) / time taken

78
Q

Physical properties of fluorine

A

Yellow gas

79
Q

Physical properties of chlorine

A

Poisonous green gas

80
Q

Physical properties of bromine

A

Poisonous red-brown liquid, gives off orange vapour

81
Q

Physical properties of iodine

A

Black solid, gives off purple vapour

82
Q

Reaction of lithium with water

A

Fizzes on surface of water

83
Q

Reaction of sodium with water

A

Fizzes, melts, yellow flame

84
Q

Reaction of potassium with water

A

Fizzes, melts, purple flame

85
Q

Retention Factor (Rf Value) =

A

distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent

86
Q

Reaction of metal with steam

A

Metal + steam → metal oxide + hydrogen

87
Q

Reaction of metal with cold water

A

Metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen

88
Q

Neutralisation Reaction

A

Metal + acid → salt + hydrogen

89
Q

Oxidation Reaction

A

Metal + oxygen → metal oxide

90
Q

Ore

A

a rock that contains a high enough amount of metal to make it worthwhile extracting

91
Q

Carbon reduction formula

A

Metal oxide + carbon –heat—> metal + carbon monoxide (may be CO2 if indicated)

92
Q

Electrolysis

A

The splitting of ionic substances using electricity

93
Q

Electrolyte

A

The liquid/solution that conducts electricity

94
Q

Electrodes

A

Solids placed in the electrolyte that conduct electricity

95
Q

Anode

A

positive electrode

96
Q

Cathode

A

negative electrode

97
Q

Malleable

A

Can be shaped easily without breaking

98
Q

Ductile

A

Can be easily drawn into wires

99
Q

Alloy

A

Mixture of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal

100
Q

Bronze

A

Copper + Tin alloy
Medals, decorative ornaments, statues

101
Q

Brass

A

Copper + Zinc alloy
low friction situations (eg door hinges)

102
Q

Magnalium

A

Magnesium + aluminium alloy

5% magnesium: stronger, lighter and more resistant to corrosion than aluminium
Car and aeroplane parts

50% magnesium: highly reactive, burns brightly and more stable than magnesium
Fireworks

103
Q

Gold alloys

A

Gold + zinc, copper, silver… alloy
Jewellery (pure gold too soft and malleable)

104
Q

Steel

A

Iron + carbon [+ chromium + nickel] alloys
Low carbon steels: malleable
Sheeting

High carbon steels: hard
Cutting tools

Stainless steels [+ chromium + nickel]: resistant to corrosion
Cutlery

105
Q

Atom economy

A

Mr of desired product / Sum of Mr of all products x 100%

106
Q

Percentage yield

A

Actual yield / Theoretical yield x 100%

107
Q

Concentration

A

(g/dm^3)
mass (g) / volume (dm^3)

108
Q

Concentration

A

(mol/dm^3)
mole (mol) / volume (dm^3)

109
Q

Gas volume

A

dm^3
moles (mol) x molar volume (dm^/mol) [24 at RTP]

110
Q

mol/dm^3 →g/dm^3

A

x Mr

111
Q

g/dm^3 →mol/dm^3

A

/ Mr

GCSE (4 decks)

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