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GCSE > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathogen

A

microorganism which causes infectious disease

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2
Q

Malnutrition

A

Getting too much or too little of a particular nutrient in your diet

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3
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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4
Q

Disease

A

Any deviation from the normal structure or function of a body part, organs, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms

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5
Q

Species

A

A group of similar and closely related organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

Pest

A

Considered to be any organism, plant or animal, that causes nuisance or harm

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7
Q

Fertilisers

A

Chemicals used to replace the minerals taken out of the soil by crops

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8
Q

Alleles

A

Two different forms of the same gene

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9
Q

Co-dominance

A

A form of dominance wherein the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote both affect the phenotype

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of alleles

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11
Q

Genotype

A

Description of the pair of alleles present for a characteristic

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12
Q

Nucleotide

A

a monomer made up of a sugar, a phosphate group and a base, which forms the structure of DNA

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13
Q

Chromosome

A

One DNA molecule tightly wrapped around proteins

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14
Q

Test for starch

A

Add iodine
orange/brown →blue-black
Hazard: Iodine is irritant so avoid contact and wear safety goggles

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15
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

Add distilled water, then Benedict’s solution, then put into water bath (>60℃)
Blue →green, yellow, orange, brick red (in order of more reducing sugars present)
Hazard: when test tube is in water bath, it may bubble into your face so keep it tilted away and wear safety goggles
Hazard: Benedict’s solution is irritant so avoid contact and wear safety goggles

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16
Q

Preparing food samples

A

Mush into paste using mortar and pestle, and few drops of distilled water
Stir paste with more distilled water in beaker
Filter solution to remove excess solid (except for lipids test as lipids can stick to filter paper)

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17
Q

Test for lipids
(Emulsion test)

A

Add a few drops of ethanol and distilled water
Clear→ milky-white emulsion
Danger: ethanol is highly flammable so keep naked flames away
Note: do not filter food sample as lipids can stick to filter paper
NB: lipids are soluble in alcohols

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18
Q

Test for proteins

A

Add distilled water, then biuret solution
Blue → purple (more intense purple = more protein)
Hazard: Biuret solution is irritant so avoid contact and wear safety goggles

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19
Q

Test for non-reducing sugars

A

Do reducing sugars test - if negative:
Add distilled water, then dilute hydrochloric acid, put into water bath(>60℃), add sodium hydroxide (to neutralise as Benedict’s doesn’t work in acidic solutions), add benedict’s solution, put back into water bath
Blue →green, yellow, orange, brick red (in order of more reducing sugars present)
Hazard: when test tube is in water bath, it may bubble into your face so keep it tilted away and wear safety goggles
Hazard: Benedict’s solution and hydrochloric acid are irritant so avoid contact and wear safety goggles

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20
Q

Telophase

A

new nuclear membranes form around the two groups of chromosomes at each pole
(5th stage of mitosis)

21
Q

Anaphase

A

spindles fibres begin to contract and the chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles of cell
(4th stage of mitosis)

22
Q

Metaphase

A

spindle fibres pull the chromosomes to line up on cell’s equator
(3rd stage of mitosis)

23
Q

Interphase

A

DNA in nucleus is indistinguishable, and organelles & chromosomes are replicated
(1st stage of mitosis)

24
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes shorten and thicken and become visible
Nuclear envelope dissipates, spindles fibres form, starting at the poles of the cell and attached to chromosome at the centromere
(2nd stage of mitosis)

25
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides and two new cells are formed
(6th/last stage of mitosis)

26
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Not enough protein
Enlarged belly, small muscles, failure to grow properly
Meat, beans, lentils, fish, dairy, eggs

27
Q

Anaemia

A

Not enough iron
Tiredness, heart palpitations, brittle nails, pale complexion
Red meat, spinach, egg yolk, nuts, dried fruit
(Common in teenage girls as iron is lost during menstruation)

28
Q

Scurvy

A

Not enough Vitamin C
Gum and nose bleeds, teeth loss, muscle & joint pain
Citrus fruits

29
Q

Rickets

A

Not enough Vitamin D
Soft bones →bowing of legs
Dairy, fish, sunlight

30
Q

Waist-to-Hip ratio

A

Waist measurement/Hip measurement

31
Q

BMI

A

mass/height^2

32
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus (virus)
humans
destroys white blood cell [leads to AIDS: prone to other diseases due to weak immune system], tiredness, weight loss

33
Q

Ebola

A

ebola (virus)
humans
nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, red eyes, rashes, bleeding from all orifices

34
Q

Stomach ulcers

A

helicobacter pylori (bacterium)
humans
stomach pain & bleeding, nausea, vomiting blood

35
Q

Tuberculosis

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacterium)
humans
infects and damages lungs, blood-speckled mucus after coughing, fever, weight loss
(isolate affected patients and wear masks and gloves)

36
Q

Cholera

A

vibrio cholerae (bacterium)
humans
severe diarrhoea

37
Q

Formula for Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

38
Q

Xerophyte

A

plant adapted to dry conditions

39
Q

Light intensity formula

A

1/distance^2

40
Q

Negative feedback

A

a control mechanism reacting to a change in a condition by trying to bring levels back to normal

41
Q

Pituitary gland

A

in brain, releases several hormones including ACTH, FSH, LH and growth hormones

42
Q

Thyroid gland

A

in throat, produces several hormones including thyroxine

43
Q

Adrenal glands

A

above kidneys, release several hormones including adrenalin

44
Q

Pancreas

A

contains cells that produce insulin and others that produce glucagon

45
Q

Testes

A

release the sex hormone testosterone

46
Q

Ovaries

A

produce the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone

47
Q

Antigens

A

proteins on the surface of cells which the immune system uses to recognise pathogens

48
Q

BMI categories

A

underweight: <18.5
normal weight: 18.5 - 24.9
overweight: 25-29.9
obese: ≥ 30

GCSE (4 decks)

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