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Science equations > Chemistry 1.1 > Flashcards

Chemistry 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do we use earth’s resources for

A

Food
Shelter
Transport
Medicine

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2
Q

What is sustainability

A

meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of tomorrow

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3
Q

What is potable water

A

water that is safe to drink

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4
Q

How is waste water treated

A
  1. Screening and grit removal

2. Turned into sewage sludge and effluent

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5
Q

What happens to effluent during water treatment

A

aerobic biological treatment and then released back into rivers or sterilised for potable water

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6
Q

What happens to sewage sludge during water treatment

A

anaerobic digestion to be used as renewable energy

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7
Q

How is ground water treated

A
  1. Screening and grit removal
  2. Sterilisation to kill microbes
  3. Check pH level
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8
Q

What can be used to sterilise water

A

chlorine, ozone, ultra violet light

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9
Q

How do you remove salt from seawater

A

desalination , distillation or reverse osmosis

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10
Q

What is a high grade and a low grade ore

A

Ores with high or low % of metal compound in them

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11
Q

What is phytomining

A

plants are grown on low grade ore (copper) in the ground. They take up ions from the copper ore and store it in the plant. The plant is then harvested and burnt to release the copper compound.

The copper compound is then mixed with sulphuric acid to turn into copper sulphate solution

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12
Q

What is Bioleaching

A

Bacteria is used to break down copper compounds in the soil. It produces a solution of metal salts (leachate) and is put through electrolysis to become a pure metal

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13
Q

What is electrolysis

A

when connected to a power supply electrons flow around a circuit

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14
Q

What is the life cycle assessment used to asses

A

The overall environmental impact of a product

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15
Q

What are the 4 evolution points of LCA

A
  1. Extraction
  2. Manufacturing and transport
  3. Use and longevity of lifetime
  4. Disposal
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16
Q

What is bad about electrolysis

A

it harms the environment, is finite and quite slow

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17
Q

What is bad about bioleaching / phytomining

A

they are extremely slow and still require purification after

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18
Q

What is good about electrolysis

A

higher percentage of copper ore and higher grade ores

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19
Q

What is good about bioleaching / phytomining

A

no mining, removes toxic copper from soil, no waste

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20
Q

What percentage of our air is nitrogen

A

79%

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21
Q

What percentage of our air is oxygen

A

20%

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22
Q

What percentage of our air is CO2

A

0.04%

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23
Q

What percentage of our air is argon and noble gases

A

0.9%

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24
Q

List 3 greenhouse gases

A

CO2, methane, water vapour

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25
When was the early atmosphere formed
4.5 billion years ago by volcanic activity
26
What was the CO2 percentage in the early atmoshphere
90%
27
How have CO2 levels decreased
dissolving into oceans and photosynthesis through single celled organisms
28
How have Oxygen levels increased
Photosynthesis and when the ozone layer developed due to this, living creatures could evolve
29
How have nitrogen levels increased
Nitrogen was released by volcanoes, but because it is unreactive, it was never absorbed or reacted with so eventually grew over time
30
What type of radiation does the sun emit
long wavelength (infrared) and short wavelength (ultraviolet)
31
What type of radiation does the earth emit back out into space
short wavelength ultraviolet
32
what type of radiation does the earth absorb
long wavelength ultraviolet
33
What happens to the long wavelength radiation when it enters the ozone layer
IR radiaition is absorbed by the greenhouse gases, making the molecules vibrate and bend more vigorously so cause them to heat up. More greenhouse gas means more energy is absorbed so more temperatures rise
34
what causes a rise in greenhouse gas
1. deforestation 2. burning fossil fuels 3. intense agriculture
35
what are the effects of global warming
1. rising sea levels 2. melting ice caps 3. extreme weather 4. extinction of animals
36
what is an atmospheric pollutant
substances that damage and contaminate the quality of air
37
how are atmospheric pollutants formed
the combustion of fuel
38
Incomplete alkane combustion
Alkane + oxygen --> carbon monoxide + water
39
Why is Carbon monoxide bad
it binds to the haemoglobin in our red blood cells, taking up room for oxygen and thus suffocating
40
Incomplete alkane combustion 2
Alkane + oxygen --> carbon particulates + water
41
What do carbon particulates cause
global dimming because they reflect sunlight particles back into space. This stunts farming and can also cause cancer
42
How is acid rain produced
when sulphur is released it mixes with oxygen in the air Sulphur + oxygen --> sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide then dissolves in rainwater
43
What does acid rain do
damages trees, wildlife and buildings
44
What does nitrogen need to become reactive
high temperatures. It starts to react with oxygen
45
What is the formula for nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen + oxygen --> Nox
46
What does nitrogen oxide cause
respiratory problems such as asthma and can also cause acid rain
47
What is a pure substance
a substance made up of only one element of compound with nothing else mixed in
48
How do we test if a substance is pure
the melting and boiling points should be fixed if they are pure
49
What is a formula
a mixture of elements and compounds designed for a specific useful product
50
What are some examples of formulas
1. Paint 2. Medicine 3. Fertiliser 4. Lotion
51
What is the test for CO2
Bubble a clear liquid such as limewater and see if it goes clou
52
What is the test for chlorine
Hold blue litmus paper of bubbling chlorine. The paper should turn from blue to pink and then bleach
53
What is the test for hydrogen
put a lit splint into a tube of hydrogen and if it is present it will make a squeaky pop
54
What is the test for oxygen
put a previously lit, glowing splint into a tube and if it relights then oxygen is present
55
what is chromatography used for
seperating and identifying mixtures
56
what is the mobile phase
the solvent moving
57
what is the stationary phase
the paper soaking in the solvent
58
How to work out Rf value
distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent
59
How is crude oil formed
plants and animals die and sink to the bottom of the sea. They become covered in mud and grit. Over time this mud and grit builds up pressure and compresses them into oil. Oil pressure then moves up the cracks in the rock to form a reservoir
60
What are the first 4 hydrocarbons
Methane Ethane Protane Butane
61
What is the alkane chemical formula
CnH2n+2
62
what is an alkane
a saturated hydrocarbon with single bonds
63
what is an alkene
an unsaturated hydrocarbon with double bonds
64
Which is more reactive, alkene or alkane. Why
Alkenes because they have double bonds
65
What is the test for an alkene
react it with bromine water and it should turn orange to colourless
66
What are the properties of a short chain hydrocarbon
1. Low viscosity 2. Low boiling point 3. High flammability 4. High volatility (turns into gas)
67
what is fractional distillation
separation of a mixture into different parts and used to seperate different alkanes into crude oil
68
What happens before the crude oil enters the fractional distillation column
it is vaporised
69
Where do short chain and long chain alkanes go in the fractional distillation column
Short chain alkanes rise to the top due to having a lower boiling point and long chain sink to the bottom. Once in their desired fraction, they condense in the chamber to be collected
70
what is a combustion reaction
when oxygen reacts with a hydrocarbon
71
is combustion endothermic or exothermic
exothermic
72
What is complete combustion
there is enough oxygen
73
what is incomplete combustion
there is not enough oxygen to react
74
What are products of complete combustion
carbon dioxide + water
75
What are products of incomplete combustion
carbon monoxide + water
76
what is cracking
the process of turning long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbon
77
why is cracking useful
short chain hydrocarbons are much more useful than long chain
78
What type of reaction is cracking and what happens because of it
thermal decomposition the hydrocarbons start to crack and split off into smaller molecules
79
What are the 2 types of cracking
catalytic or steam
80
What happens to crude oil when it is vaporised
it is passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to a high temperature
81
how can we reduce our carbon footprint
use alternative energy and have a plant based diet
82
what are 3 ways to measure the rate of reaction
1. change in colour 2. change in mass 3. change in gas
83
what is the equation for measuring the rate of a colour change
1/time taken
84
what is the general equation to measure the rate of a reaction
quantity of product formed / time taken
85
what are 5 measures effecting rates of reaction (CCPST)
``` catalyst concentration pressure surface area temperature ```
86
what is a catalyst
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without ever being used up itself or changing the experiment
87
what does a catalyst do to activation energy
decreases activation energy making it cheaper to produce as less energy is needed
88
what is concentration
number of particles dissolved in a volume of solvent
89
what is pressure
number of particles in a volume gas
90
what does increasing concentration and pressure do
sped up the reaction because it increases chances of collision theory
91
what does a larger surface area do to the rate of reaction
increases it
92
how do you create a larger surface area
chopping it up into powder or smaller cubes. It still has the same volume but an overall larger surface area for collisions to happen
93
what does collision theory state
chemical reactions only occur when particles collide with sufficient energy (activation energy)
94
what is activation energy
the minimum amount of energy needed for particles to react
95
what makes collisions more frequent AND more energetic
temperature. The rest only make them more frequent and only catalysts lower the activation energy
96
what is a reversible reaction
the products can react to produce the original reactants again
97
what is a closed system
no products or reactants can escape due to being in a sealed environment

Science equations (5 decks)

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