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Science equations > Chemistry 1.1 > Flashcards

Chemistry 1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we use earth’s resources for

A

Food
Shelter
Transport
Medicine

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2
Q

What is sustainability

A

meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of tomorrow

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3
Q

What is potable water

A

water that is safe to drink

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4
Q

How is waste water treated

A
  1. Screening and grit removal

2. Turned into sewage sludge and effluent

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5
Q

What happens to effluent during water treatment

A

aerobic biological treatment and then released back into rivers or sterilised for potable water

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6
Q

What happens to sewage sludge during water treatment

A

anaerobic digestion to be used as renewable energy

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7
Q

How is ground water treated

A
  1. Screening and grit removal
  2. Sterilisation to kill microbes
  3. Check pH level
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8
Q

What can be used to sterilise water

A

chlorine, ozone, ultra violet light

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9
Q

How do you remove salt from seawater

A

desalination , distillation or reverse osmosis

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10
Q

What is a high grade and a low grade ore

A

Ores with high or low % of metal compound in them

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11
Q

What is phytomining

A

plants are grown on low grade ore (copper) in the ground. They take up ions from the copper ore and store it in the plant. The plant is then harvested and burnt to release the copper compound.

The copper compound is then mixed with sulphuric acid to turn into copper sulphate solution

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12
Q

What is Bioleaching

A

Bacteria is used to break down copper compounds in the soil. It produces a solution of metal salts (leachate) and is put through electrolysis to become a pure metal

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13
Q

What is electrolysis

A

when connected to a power supply electrons flow around a circuit

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14
Q

What is the life cycle assessment used to asses

A

The overall environmental impact of a product

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15
Q

What are the 4 evolution points of LCA

A
  1. Extraction
  2. Manufacturing and transport
  3. Use and longevity of lifetime
  4. Disposal
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16
Q

What is bad about electrolysis

A

it harms the environment, is finite and quite slow

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17
Q

What is bad about bioleaching / phytomining

A

they are extremely slow and still require purification after

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18
Q

What is good about electrolysis

A

higher percentage of copper ore and higher grade ores

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19
Q

What is good about bioleaching / phytomining

A

no mining, removes toxic copper from soil, no waste

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20
Q

What percentage of our air is nitrogen

A

79%

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21
Q

What percentage of our air is oxygen

A

20%

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22
Q

What percentage of our air is CO2

A

0.04%

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23
Q

What percentage of our air is argon and noble gases

A

0.9%

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24
Q

List 3 greenhouse gases

A

CO2, methane, water vapour

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25
Q

When was the early atmosphere formed

A

4.5 billion years ago by volcanic activity

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26
Q

What was the CO2 percentage in the early atmoshphere

A

90%

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27
Q

How have CO2 levels decreased

A

dissolving into oceans and photosynthesis through single celled organisms

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28
Q

How have Oxygen levels increased

A

Photosynthesis and when the ozone layer developed due to this, living creatures could evolve

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29
Q

How have nitrogen levels increased

A

Nitrogen was released by volcanoes, but because it is unreactive, it was never absorbed or reacted with so eventually grew over time

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30
Q

What type of radiation does the sun emit

A

long wavelength (infrared) and short wavelength (ultraviolet)

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31
Q

What type of radiation does the earth emit back out into space

A

short wavelength ultraviolet

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32
Q

what type of radiation does the earth absorb

A

long wavelength ultraviolet

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33
Q

What happens to the long wavelength radiation when it enters the ozone layer

A

IR radiaition is absorbed by the greenhouse gases, making the molecules vibrate and bend more vigorously so cause them to heat up. More greenhouse gas means more energy is absorbed so more temperatures rise

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34
Q

what causes a rise in greenhouse gas

A
  1. deforestation
  2. burning fossil fuels
  3. intense agriculture
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35
Q

what are the effects of global warming

A
  1. rising sea levels
  2. melting ice caps
  3. extreme weather
  4. extinction of animals
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36
Q

what is an atmospheric pollutant

A

substances that damage and contaminate the quality of air

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37
Q

how are atmospheric pollutants formed

A

the combustion of fuel

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38
Q

Incomplete alkane combustion

A

Alkane + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + water

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39
Q

Why is Carbon monoxide bad

A

it binds to the haemoglobin in our red blood cells, taking up room for oxygen and thus suffocating

40
Q

Incomplete alkane combustion 2

A

Alkane + oxygen –> carbon particulates + water

41
Q

What do carbon particulates cause

A

global dimming because they reflect sunlight particles back into space. This stunts farming and can also cause cancer

42
Q

How is acid rain produced

A

when sulphur is released it mixes with oxygen in the air
Sulphur + oxygen –> sulphur dioxide
Sulphur dioxide then dissolves in rainwater

43
Q

What does acid rain do

A

damages trees, wildlife and buildings

44
Q

What does nitrogen need to become reactive

A

high temperatures. It starts to react with oxygen

45
Q

What is the formula for nitrogen oxides

A

Nitrogen + oxygen –> Nox

46
Q

What does nitrogen oxide cause

A

respiratory problems such as asthma and can also cause acid rain

47
Q

What is a pure substance

A

a substance made up of only one element of compound with nothing else mixed in

48
Q

How do we test if a substance is pure

A

the melting and boiling points should be fixed if they are pure

49
Q

What is a formula

A

a mixture of elements and compounds designed for a specific useful product

50
Q

What are some examples of formulas

A
  1. Paint
  2. Medicine
  3. Fertiliser
  4. Lotion
51
Q

What is the test for CO2

A

Bubble a clear liquid such as limewater and see if it goes clou

52
Q

What is the test for chlorine

A

Hold blue litmus paper of bubbling chlorine. The paper should turn from blue to pink and then bleach

53
Q

What is the test for hydrogen

A

put a lit splint into a tube of hydrogen and if it is present it will make a squeaky pop

54
Q

What is the test for oxygen

A

put a previously lit, glowing splint into a tube and if it relights then oxygen is present

55
Q

what is chromatography used for

A

seperating and identifying mixtures

56
Q

what is the mobile phase

A

the solvent moving

57
Q

what is the stationary phase

A

the paper soaking in the solvent

58
Q

How to work out Rf value

A

distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent

59
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

plants and animals die and sink to the bottom of the sea. They become covered in mud and grit. Over time this mud and grit builds up pressure and compresses them into oil. Oil pressure then moves up the cracks in the rock to form a reservoir

60
Q

What are the first 4 hydrocarbons

A

Methane
Ethane
Protane
Butane

61
Q

What is the alkane chemical formula

A

CnH2n+2

62
Q

what is an alkane

A

a saturated hydrocarbon with single bonds

63
Q

what is an alkene

A

an unsaturated hydrocarbon with double bonds

64
Q

Which is more reactive, alkene or alkane. Why

A

Alkenes because they have double bonds

65
Q

What is the test for an alkene

A

react it with bromine water and it should turn orange to colourless

66
Q

What are the properties of a short chain hydrocarbon

A
  1. Low viscosity
  2. Low boiling point
  3. High flammability
  4. High volatility (turns into gas)
67
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

separation of a mixture into different parts and used to seperate different alkanes into crude oil

68
Q

What happens before the crude oil enters the fractional distillation column

A

it is vaporised

69
Q

Where do short chain and long chain alkanes go in the fractional distillation column

A

Short chain alkanes rise to the top due to having a lower boiling point and long chain sink to the bottom. Once in their desired fraction, they condense in the chamber to be collected

70
Q

what is a combustion reaction

A

when oxygen reacts with a hydrocarbon

71
Q

is combustion endothermic or exothermic

A

exothermic

72
Q

What is complete combustion

A

there is enough oxygen

73
Q

what is incomplete combustion

A

there is not enough oxygen to react

74
Q

What are products of complete combustion

A

carbon dioxide + water

75
Q

What are products of incomplete combustion

A

carbon monoxide + water

76
Q

what is cracking

A

the process of turning long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbon

77
Q

why is cracking useful

A

short chain hydrocarbons are much more useful than long chain

78
Q

What type of reaction is cracking and what happens because of it

A

thermal decomposition the hydrocarbons start to crack and split off into smaller molecules

79
Q

What are the 2 types of cracking

A

catalytic or steam

80
Q

What happens to crude oil when it is vaporised

A

it is passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to a high temperature

81
Q

how can we reduce our carbon footprint

A

use alternative energy and have a plant based diet

82
Q

what are 3 ways to measure the rate of reaction

A
  1. change in colour
  2. change in mass
  3. change in gas
83
Q

what is the equation for measuring the rate of a colour change

A

1/time taken

84
Q

what is the general equation to measure the rate of a reaction

A

quantity of product formed / time taken

85
Q

what are 5 measures effecting rates of reaction (CCPST)

A 
catalyst
concentration
pressure
surface area
temperature
86
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without ever being used up itself or changing the experiment

87
Q

what does a catalyst do to activation energy

A

decreases activation energy making it cheaper to produce as less energy is needed

88
Q

what is concentration

A

number of particles dissolved in a volume of solvent

89
Q

what is pressure

A

number of particles in a volume gas

90
Q

what does increasing concentration and pressure do

A

sped up the reaction because it increases chances of collision theory

91
Q

what does a larger surface area do to the rate of reaction

A

increases it

92
Q

how do you create a larger surface area

A

chopping it up into powder or smaller cubes. It still has the same volume but an overall larger surface area for collisions to happen

93
Q

what does collision theory state

A

chemical reactions only occur when particles collide with sufficient energy (activation energy)

94
Q

what is activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy needed for particles to react

95
Q

what makes collisions more frequent AND more energetic

A

temperature. The rest only make them more frequent and only catalysts lower the activation energy

96
Q

what is a reversible reaction

A

the products can react to produce the original reactants again

97
Q

what is a closed system

A

no products or reactants can escape due to being in a sealed environment

Science equations (5 decks)

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