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Biology 1.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the order of neurones in the nervous system

A
  1. Stimulus (change in environment)
  2. Recpetor
  3. Sensory neuron
  4. Relay neuron (control centre)
  5. Motor neuron
  6. Effector
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2
Q

what is a homeostatic mechanism

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

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3
Q

What is the gap between our neurones called

A

A synapse

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4
Q

What type of impulse is a nerve

A

electrical

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5
Q

What happens when a nerve crosses a synapse

A
  1. the electrical impulse triggers chemical neurotransmitter chemicals
  2. the chemicals fuse with the cell membrane and diffuse across the synapse
  3. They dock into the receptor neurone and create a new electrical impulse
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6
Q

Is Adrenaline in a negative feedback loop

A

No

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7
Q

Is thyroxine in a negative feedback loop

A

Yes

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8
Q

What is a negative feedback loop

A

a homeostatic mechanism that makes a change when the body detects a change and needs to return to normal

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9
Q

Where is adrenaline released

A

Adrenal glands (above kidneys)

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10
Q

Where is thyroxine stimulating hormone released

A

pituitary gland

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11
Q

What happens when the brain detects and increased level of thyroxine

A
  1. The brain signals the pituitary gland to release less stimulating hormone
  2. This acts on the thyroid gland meaning that less thyroxine is released
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12
Q

Where is thyroxine released

A

thyroid

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13
Q

What does decreasing thyroxine levels cause

A
  1. Lower metabolism

2. Lowers rate of protein synthesis

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14
Q

What are 2/3 effects of adrenalin

A
  1. Dilating pupils to allow more light
  2. Increase breathing rate to allow more oxygen in our blood so we can react more quickly
  3. Blood from digestive system is redirected to our skeletal muscles for faster movement
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15
Q

What does adrenaline need to be produced

A

a scary situation

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16
Q

What does thyroxine need to be produced

A

insulin (eat oily fish)

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17
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

chemical messenger involved in the negative feedback loop

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18
Q

What is Glycogen

A

Glycogen = excess glucose turned insoluble to be stored as spare

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19
Q

What is Glucagon

A

stimulates the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose

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20
Q

What is insulin

A

stimulates the breakdown of glucose back into glycogen

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21
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

The pancreas does’t produce enough insulin

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22
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

The cells no longer respond to the insulin which is being made (they still make enough insulin)

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23
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes

A
  1. Insulin injections every meal time

2. Watch their diet and excessive regime

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24
Q

WHat is the treatment for type 2 diabetes

A
  1. Eat a low carb diet due to glucose being heavily in carbs

2. Exercise regularly

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25
Q

What happens to blood glucose after eating a meal

A

blood glucose rises

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26
Q

What organ detects rise in blood gluco

A

pancreas

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27
Q

What does the pancreas release in response to rising blood glucose

A

insulin

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28
Q

What happens to insulin when it reaches the liver

A

It turns the glucose into glycogen

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29
Q

Where are the LH and FSH hormones produced

A

pituitary gland

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30
Q

Where is oestrogen produced

A

Ovaries

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31
Q

Where is progesterone produced

A

empty egg follicle

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32
Q

What does FSH do

A

stimulates release of oestrogen and matures the egg

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33
Q

What does LH do

A

stimulates ovulation/ release of an egg

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34
Q

What does oestrogen do

A

thickens the uterus lining

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35
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Maintains the uterus lining and controls LH and FSH levels

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36
Q

What does a woman use if she wants to increase fertility

A

LH and FSH

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37
Q

What does a woman take if she wants to reduce fertility

A

progesterone + oestrogen because it stops the egg being released

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38
Q

What are some negative side effects of contraception

A
  1. Don’t prevent STD’s
  2. Nausea
  3. Irreversible
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39
Q

What is the photosynthesis symbol equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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40
Q

What is the photosynthesis word equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

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41
Q

what does a gene do

A

control the characteristics of a being

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42
Q

what is a phenotype

A

physical appearance of a gene (tall)

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43
Q

What is a a genotype

A

the allelles of a gene (TT, Tt)

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44
Q

what is an allele

A

different forms of a gene

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45
Q

what is a gamete

A

reproductive cells such as egg and sperm

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46
Q

what is a dominant gene

A

only needs one allele to show up

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47
Q

what is a recessive gene

A

needs both alleles to show up

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48
Q

what is homozygous

A

2 copies of the same allele

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49
Q

what is heterozygous

A

2 different alleles

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50
Q

What are girl and boy genotypes

A 
girl = XX
boy = XY
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51
Q

What type of reproduction is meiosis

A

sexual

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52
Q

how many cells does meiosis produce

A

4

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53
Q

how many divisions doe meiosis have

A

2

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54
Q

what type of cell does meiosis leave

A

haploid (half set of chromosomes)

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55
Q

does meiosis produce variation or clones

A

it produces variation so therefore no clones

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56
Q

does meiosis increase survival chance

A

yes it allows natural selection

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57
Q

how fast is meiosis

A

slow

58
Q

where does meisosis occur and what is it used for

A

occurs producing gametes and is used for sex cells

59
Q

what type of reproduction is mitosis

A

sexual

60
Q

how many cells does mitosis produce

A

2

61
Q

how many divisions does mitosis have

A

1

62
Q

what type of cell does mitosis leave

A

diploid (full set of chromosomes)

63
Q

does mitosis produce variation or clones

A

it produces clones so has no variation

64
Q

does mitosis increase survival

A

no because they are all clones so would be wiped out quickly

65
Q

what speed is mitosis

A

fast

66
Q

where does mitosis occur and what for

A

it occurs in the growth and repair of cells and is used in Bacteria and humans

67
Q

what is a genome

A

the entire genetic makeup of an organism

68
Q

how many chromosomes do humans DNA have

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

69
Q

what is a nucleus made of

A

chromosones

70
Q

what are chromosones made from

A

DNA

71
Q

what is DNA made from

A

genes

72
Q

what are genes made from

A

proteins (string of amino acids folded together to make an enzyme)

73
Q

what was the purpose of the human genome project

A

looked at communicable and inherited diseases to gather a better understanding of them to find a cure

74
Q

When was the human genome project

A

year 2003

75
Q

How many genes are in one genome

A

21,000

76
Q

what is polydactyl

A

extra toes and fingers

77
Q

what causes polydactyl

A

a dominant inherited allele

78
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

causes mucus to be thick and sticky

79
Q

Why is cystic fibrosis life threatening

A

mucus lines our airways and trachea to trap dirt from going into our lungs. We then swallow the mucus where it is killed in our stomach. The thick and sticky mucus of cystic fibrosis narrows the airways and makes it hard to breath. It also means it can’t be swallowed and the bacteria builds up in the trachea, causing infection

80
Q

where is mucus released

A

epithelial tissue

81
Q

when is screening for a genetic disorder used

A

to see if an embryo will be born with a disease / condition

82
Q

what are 3 positives of screening for genetic disorders

A
  1. saves money because it can be terminated and parents don’t pay to look after a disabled child
  2. laws are in place to make sure it is safe
  3. child and parents can avoid poor quality of life
83
Q

what are 3 negatives of screening for genetic disorders

A
  1. expensive
  2. concerns that people may do it to pick out and change desired characteristics
  3. can occasionally give false results and damage healthy embryos
84
Q

what are 3 methods of screening for genetic disorders

A
  1. analysis fIVF embryo
  2. analysis of placenta
  3. analysis of embryonic fluid (amniocentesis)
85
Q

what is natural selection

A

when species have a genetic change to deal with environmental changes. The strongest survive and pass those genes on allowing evolution.

86
Q

what is a species

A

group of organisms with similar characteristics that can produce fertile offspring

87
Q

What are 3 types of variation potential

A
  1. genetic
  2. environmental
  3. both
88
Q

give 2 examples of genetic variation

A
  1. Blood type
  2. Gender
  3. Facial features
89
Q

give 2 examples of environmental variation

A
  1. accent
  2. hair colour
  3. scars and tatoos
90
Q

give 2 examples of both variation

A
  1. height

2. weight

91
Q

List 2 characteristics of the old horse

A
  1. 5 toes for good grip and won’t sink

2. short to avoid brambles and vines in the forest

92
Q

list 2 characteristics of the new horse

A
  1. hoof to run on grassland

2. Tall to run faster

93
Q

what is selective breeding

A

when humans select what animals and plants to breed to achieve a desired characteristic

94
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

modifying the genome of an organism by adding a desired organisms gene to the nucleus

95
Q

what are the problems with selective breeding

A

lots of inbreeding reduces variety in gene pool, making them prone to disease.
Animals such as cows now produce to much milk which can cause discomfort

96
Q

what is selective breeding used for

A
  1. Cows produce a higher milk yield

2. Disease resistant crops

97
Q

what is genetic engineering used for

A

increased crop yield

cows producing low lactose milk

98
Q

what is bad about genetic engineering

A

it can destroy interdependence and food chains because they start depending on themselves

99
Q

why is the fossil record incomplete

A

many organisms were soft bodied so left very little trace. Lots of fossils have also not been found

100
Q

how are fossils formed

A
  1. animals die and become covered in sediment
  2. more pressure builds up, cutting of CO2 so it doesnt decay
  3. over millions of years the skeleton builds up minerals and turns to rock
  4. cracks in the rock and erosion reveal them years later
101
Q

what is a fossil

A

main impression of an animal or plant from millions of yea

102
Q

what do fossils show

A

the evolution of a species and the extinction

103
Q

why are bacteria good to study

A

they rapidly reproduce every 20 minutes

104
Q

how do you remember the evolutionary tree order

A

Keep pots clean or family gets sick

105
Q

what is the order for evolutionary trees

A 
kingdom 
phylum
class
order
family
genus 
species
106
Q

what is a population

A

group of individuals of same species

107
Q

what is a community

A

several different populations living in one habitat together

108
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

when different ecosystems interact with one another and the abiotic/biotic factors

109
Q

what is interdependence

A

species in a community depending on eachother for food, shelter , pollination. They also depend on biotic and abiotic factors

110
Q

give 3 examples of biotic factors

A
  1. New predator
  2. New competitor
  3. New pathogens and parasites
111
Q

give 3 examples of abiotic factors

A
  1. temperature
  2. water levels
  3. CO2 levels
  4. Light intensity
112
Q

what is a stable community

A

when biotic and abiotic factors rarely change meaning the population levels remain constant

113
Q

what are 3 types of animal adaptation

A

structural (body) , behavioural (behaviour) , functional (processes)

114
Q

give 2 examples of structural adaptation

A
  1. sharp teeth and claws for food and fighting
  2. body shape effects speed and strength
  3. small surface area to volume ratio reduces heat loss
115
Q

give 2 examples of behavioural adaptation

A
  1. migration
  2. pack hunting
  3. huddling for warmth
116
Q

give 2 examples of functional adaptation

A
  1. hibernation to lower metabolic rate

2. produce less urine to conserve water

117
Q

what is an extremophile and name an example

A

organisms that live in extreme environments , hot or cold to avoid competition such as bacteria

118
Q

what to plants compete for

A

water, light and space

119
Q

how are plants adapted to receive more light

A

grow taller to absorb more sun

grow more leaves to absorb more sun

120
Q

how are plants adapted to receive more water

A

wide reaching roots

can expand to store water such as cacti

121
Q

how are plants adapted to receive more space

A

seeds float and move through water
some seeds are sticky and are carried by animals
brightly coloured seeds

122
Q

what tool do we use to estimate population size

A

a 1m x 1m quadrat

123
Q

how do you use a quadrat

A

throw out the quadrat into random points on the field. Do this about 10 times for more accurate and fair results. Flowers overlapping the right and north side count but overlapping the left and south side don’t count

124
Q

what do we use to measure species distribution

A

transect ( tape measure

125
Q

how is a transect used

A

transect is like a tape measure. Place it along the field and strategically place a quadrat along it. Do the same thing using a parallel line

126
Q

4 stages of the water cycle

A
  1. sun evaporates water
  2. water rises and condenses to form clouds
  3. clouds release precipitation
  4. percolation where water trickles through ground and rivers back into ocean
127
Q

4 stages of cycle of decay

A
  1. plants and animals die
  2. they are decomposed by decomposers such as fungi
  3. the insects respire and release CO2 into air
  4. the stomata of plant leaves take the CO2 for photosynthesis
128
Q

3 stages of decay cycle in mineral ions

A
  1. animals eat minerals in soil
  2. animals go to toilet and have feces decomposed by decomposers
  3. CO2 is released back into air and ions released back into soil
129
Q

3 stages of the carbon cycle (plants)

A
  1. plants take carbon from air
  2. animals eat the plant and thus the carbon compound
  3. animals respire and release CO2 back into air
130
Q

what is Bioaccumulation

A

gradual accumulation of a small substances building up over time eventually reaching the top of the food chain

131
Q

give one example of bioaccumulation

A
  1. Insect eats pesticide
  2. Bird eats insect
  3. Lion eats bird
  4. Lion is poisoned from the bioaccumulation of pesticides
132
Q

What is Eutrophication

A
  1. fertilizers washed into water encourage algae growth
  2. to much algae grows and blocks sunlight from the bottom of ponds
  3. plants can’t perform photosynthesis and die
  4. fish die because they have no plants to eat
133
Q

what is a peat bog

A

mushy type of soil which has not fully decomposed because it is to acidic. This causes it to build up loads of carbon

134
Q

why is the destruction of a peat bog bad

A

it speeds up the decomposition and therefore releases loads of carbon dioxide

135
Q

why are peat bogs destroyed

A
  1. make room for building

2. fertilisers

136
Q

what 4 things does overpopulation cause

A
  1. more waste
  2. more energy
  3. more food
  4. more building
137
Q

what effects does more waste required have

A

more sewage effecting water

more landfill sights to produce methane

138
Q

what effect does more energy required have

A

acid rain due to fossil fuel pollution
destruction of environment for fossil fuels
breathing difficulties

139
Q

what effect does more food required have

A

pesticides are washed into water
trees cut down for farming land
more cows bred so more methane released

140
Q

what effect does more building have

A

deforestation
destruction of peat bogs
building requires energy, adding to the greenhouse effect

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