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Chemistry 1, 2 + 3 > Chemistry 1: Air Quality > Flashcards

Chemistry 1: Air Quality Flashcards

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1
Q

Atmosphere

A

Thin layer of gas surrounding a planet

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2
Q

Mixture

A

One or more elements or compounds mixed together but not chemically joined, so they can be separated out fairly easily

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3
Q

Gas

A

State of matter in which atoms or molecules that’s based far apart and spread out to fill the available space

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4
Q

What does air consist of

A
  • mainly nitrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

* contains small amounts of water vapour and carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by strong chemical bonds

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6
Q

PArticles

A

Particles are very small, so in gases there is lots of empty space between gas molecules. This means gases can be squeezed into a smaller volume, like in a bike tire

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7
Q

What does oxygen react with

A

Oxygen gas reacts with most metals to make solid metal oxides

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8
Q

Where do we find the largest percentage of oxygen in the air

A

Passing over heated copper

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9
Q

When was the earth atmosphere formed?

A

About 4 billion years ago by gases given out by volcanoes. Volcanoes release huge amounts of carbon dioxide water vapour. They also only released lava and dust

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10
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock (magma) from beneath the Earth’s surface when it erupts from a volcano

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11
Q

Name the different processes that have almost removedall of the carbon dioxide that was in the early atmosphere, leaving the air with composition we have today:

A
  • 4 billion years ago the earths atmosphere was very hot
  • as the earth called, oceans formed from the condensed water.
  • about 3 billion years ago simple bacteria like creatures evolved to use photosynthesis
  • this removes carbon dioxide is from the air, and release oxygen, allowing animals to evolve.
  • carbon dioxide was removed by plants and animals dying and becoming buried
  • over millions of years some of the buried material becomes fossil fuels
  • carbon dioxide dissolved in oceans reacts with salts to form insolvable calcium carbonate.
  • this forms sediment which become buried and cemented to form sedimentary rocks
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12
Q

Dissolve

A

To be solvable in water

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13
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Fuel such as coal, oil or natural gas, formed millions of years ago from dead plants and animals

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14
Q

How ideas have changed over time

A
  • sixty years ago many scientist thought the early atmosphere was largely ammonia and methane
  • recent rock composition discoveries showed early ideas were not correct, and the early atmosphere was largely carbon dioxide
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15
Q

Methane

A

A gas with molecules carbon and hydrogen; greenhouse gas

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16
Q

How has human activity changed air quality

A

Humans are changing the gases in the atmosphere by burning fuels. Fuels are used in factories, power stations, for transport and in homes

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17
Q

Pollutant

A

Hatful substance in the environment

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18
Q

How are pollutants dangerous?

A

Pollutants are harmful to the environment and to our health for example carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen blood can carry

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19
Q

Examples of pollutants

A

Carbon monoxide. Nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide

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20
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Poisonous gas whose molecules consist of once carbon and one oxygen atom CO

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21
Q

Nitrogen oxides

A

Gaseous molecules containing nitrogen and oxygen atoms according to the formula NOx, where x=1,2 etc; these pollutants are formed due to high temperatures created by the combustion of fossil fuels

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22
Q

What happens when fuels are burnt?

A

Releases carbon dioxide and solid particulates that float in the air, e.g. Carbon (soot). Particulars are also released naturally as ash from volcanoes

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23
Q

Carbon

A

An element that combines with others, such as hydrogen and oxygen m, to form many compounds in living organisms

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24
Q

Carbon dioxide information

A
  • in the last 50 years the amount of carbon dioxide in the air has increased by 25%
  • is linked to climate change, by acting as a ‘greenhouse’ trapping heat in the atmosphere
  • Human activity, like burning down forest to make more farmland, increases carbon dioxide and particulates
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25
Q

Correlation

A

A link between two factors that shows they are related, but one does not necessarily cause the other; a positive correlation shows that as one variable increases the other also increases; a negative correlation shows that as one variable decreases

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26
Q

Effects of Air pollution

A
  • Levels are high, more deaths from asthma, heart disease and lung disease occur. There is a correlation between air quality and health.
  • is more of s problem in large cities, such as Mexico City and Beijing. Some countries, e.g. The UK, have made loads to try to improve air quality
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27
Q

Acid rain

A

Rainwater which is made more acidic by pollutant by acidic gases

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28
Q

Which gases make acid rain

A

Sofa dioxide and nitrogen dioxide a pollutants that make acid rain, which damages plants and animals, are asthma triggers for some people

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29
Q

What are small amounts of carbon dioxide measured in

A

Small amounts of carbon dioxide in the air are measured in parts per million (ppm). One ppm means that there is 1 g of pollutants substance in 1,000,000 g of air

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30
Q

Which gases are measured in parts per billion (PPB)

A

The other pollutant gases – carbon Monarch side, nitrogen oxides and sofa dioxide – are measured in parts per billion (PPB).

31
Q

What is the amount of pollutant gases used for

A

The amount of pollutant gases are measured in a quality monitoring stations throughout the UK. The data is transmitted automatically to a central computer for analysis

32
Q

What do we need for correlation

A

Data

33
Q

What is needed for any fuel to burn

A

Oxygen

34
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

35
Q

Word equation for hydrocarbon burning

A

Hydrocarbon fuel + oxygen-> carbon dioxide +water (+energy)

36
Q

Oxidation

A

Chemical process that increases the amount of oxygen in a compound; the opposite of reduction

37
Q

Reduction

A

A process that reduces the amount of oxygen in a compound, or remove all oxygen from it – the opposite of oxidation

38
Q

Combustion

A

Process in which substances react with oxygen releasing heat

39
Q

What differences pure oxygen make to combustion

A

Gases in the atmosphere can be separated. Pure oxygen makes fuels burn more rapidly at higher temperatures. One example is in the Oxy fuel welding torch, which to melt steel

40
Q

Atom

A

The basic ‘ Building block’ of an element which could not be chemically broken down

41
Q

What do you atoms do

A

Items do not change. In Chemical reactions Adams get rearrange to make new substances. Atoms of non-metal elements joined to form molecules

42
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by strong chemical bonds

43
Q

Elements

A

Substance made out of only one type of atom

44
Q

Compounds

A

Substance composed of two or more elements which are chemically joined together for example H2O

45
Q

Reactants

A

Chemicals that react together in a chemical reaction

46
Q

Products

A

Chemicals produced at the end of a chemical reaction

47
Q

Mass in a reaction

A

Maths is conserved in a reaction because all the atoms in the reactants I just rearranged in the products. For examples, all the carbon atoms in all the fossil fuel ever burnt are still present, but in different forms

48
Q

Burning so far, what gas is created

A

Solid yellow so far burns and makes a colourless gas called sulfur dioxide. So far is insoluble but so far dioxide dissolves in water to make an acid solution

49
Q

What do fossil fuels contain

A

What’s the fuels contain small amount of so far from the plants and animals that formed them.

50
Q

Word equation for sulfur burning

A

Sulfur+ oxygen -> sulfur dioxide

S + O -> SO2

51
Q

Coal

A

Coal often contains the most sulfur so burning coal can give off the most Sulfur dioxide than other fossil fuels

52
Q

Acid rain explanation

A

In the 1970s people noticed forests and aquatic life in ponds with Dying. Scientists were able to use data to explain that sulfur dioxide cause acid rain. Acid rain lowers the pH when it falls on land or enclosed water, harming living things or eroding carbonate rock. Acid rain does not affect humans directly, so it is called and indirect pollutant

53
Q

How are pollutants formed mainly

A

Power stations and transport make most pollution because they burn the most fuel. Electricity production and transport has increased over the last century. Sulfur dioxide is made if the fuel contains sulfur. Carbon dioxide it is always formed when fuels burn.

54
Q

What happens if there is not enough for the fuel to burn

A

If not enough is available to burn the fuel:

  • poisonous carbon monoxide is made
  • bits of solid carbon (it) called particulates are made, making surfaces the land on dirty
55
Q

How else are pollutants formed (nitrogen)

A

Car engines make nitrogen oxides when nitrogen and oxygen from the air react at high temperatures. This contributes to acid rain. Air-quality measurements need repeating many times because results vary. On dry, hot, com days, Appalachians can be trapped in cities.

56
Q

When is carbon monoxide formed

A

Carbon monoxide particulate carbon off from during incomplete combustion (insufficient oxygen). Only in the last 50 years have scientists discovered how different air pollutants form, and how they react with the air to produce smog, acid rain and climate change

57
Q

When is nitrogen monoxide formed

A
  • nitrogen monoxide (NO) is formed in furnaces and engines at a temperature of about 1000°C
  • when nitrogen monoxide is released into the atmosphere it calls. It then reacts with more oxygen to form toxic nitrogen dioxide a brown gas
  • NOx damages buildings, contribute to acid rain, and can affect health.
58
Q

When are pollutants removed from the air

A

pollutants are removed from the air when:

  • Particulate carbon settles on surfaces, making them dirty
  • sulfur and nitrogen oxides reacts with water and oxygen to produce a mixture of sulphuric acid and nitric acid in the rain (acid rain)
  • carbon dioxide is used by plants for photosynthesis
  • carbon dioxide dissolves in rainwater and in oceans
59
Q

Smog

A

Air-pollution that is caused four example by vehicle emissions and industrial fumes

60
Q

How do climate scientists measure pollutants

A
  • climate scientists take the mean of many measurements for each pollutant. The mean is a good estimate of the true value.
  • The range is the difference between high and low results.
  • Air quality results vary for several reasons. Potential outliers could at Chili be valid data, and removing them could lead to mistakes.
61
Q

Ways in which to improve power stations

A
  • . Reducing electricity reduces fossil fuel use in power stations
  • New electrical products use less electricity, but some is wasted if they are left on standby
  • turning all and gas makes less Salford dioxide then burning coal
  • sulfur can be removed from oil and gas before it is band, but it is harder to remove from coal
  • Power stations are developing ways of reducing pollution by cleaning waste gases
  • Power stations can remove solid particle it from electrostatic filters
  • sulfur dioxide can be removed from waste gases by flue gas desulfurisation
62
Q

Flue gas desulfurisation

A

Industrial process whereby sulfur is removed from Waste gases

63
Q

Methods use to remove Salford dioxide from power station waste gases are:

A

To ‘ wet scrubbing’ methods used to remove sulphur dioxide from power station waste gases are:

  1. Using an alkaline slurry of calcium oxide (lime) and water to make gypsum (calcium sulphate), which can be sold as plaster
  2. Using seawater, and natural alkaline which absorb sulfur dioxide
64
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide when we burn less fossil fuels

A
  • Burning less fossil feels reduces the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas released
  • ways to reduce our use of fossil feels include: using alternative energy sources; improving building installation; walking, cycling, using public transport
65
Q

One alternative to using fossil fuels

A

One alternative to using fossil feels is biofuels, which are made from plants. Examples of woodchips, palm oil and alcohol made from sugar

66
Q

Biofuel

A

Fuels such as wood, ethanol or biodiesel, obtained from living plants

67
Q

Pros of using biofuels

A
  • biofuels are ‘carbon neutral’ – When they are burned they’re release the same amount of carbon dioxide is done the plants originally took from the air to grow
  • large areas of land I needed to grow biofuels. The land could be used for growing food
  • gas produces less carbon dioxide and call for the same amount of energy released
  • fossil fuels are not renewable, so they are not a sustainable source of energy
68
Q

Sustainable

A

Resource or process that will still be available to future generations

69
Q

How can appellation from vehicles be reduced

A
  • using cars less, especially for short journeys
  • using cleaner fuels and removing pollutants from exhausts
  • making public transport cheaper, more frequent and available in more places
  • modern vehicles have more efficient engines that use less fuel
70
Q

Catalytic converters

A

A device fitted to vehicle exhaust to reduce the level of nitrogen oxides and burnt hydrocarbons emitted

71
Q

What do catalytic converters contain

A

A platinum catalyst that allows pollutant gases to react with each other

72
Q

Word equation for catalytic converters and what happens here

A

Carbon monoxide+ nitrogen monoxide-> nitrogen+ carbon dioxide
• carbon monoxide games oxygen so it is oxidised
• nitrogen monoxide loses oxygen to its is reduced

73
Q

How is the Catalytic converter is exhaust emissions controlled

A
  • low-sulfur fuels are needed as so for damages the catalyst. Using those sulfur feels also reduces sulfur dioxide emissions
  • legal limits for exhaust missions are in force by strict MOT tests
74
Q

Electric cars

A
  • Electric cars do not give out pollutant gases when being used, but the electricity produced by fossil fuel power stations use for charging does.
  • research continues into improving batteries and improving charging times. Few charging points are available at present

Chemistry 1, 2 + 3 (3 decks)

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