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Perception > Chemical senses - chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chemical senses - chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five basic taste qualities?

A

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami

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2
Q

How would you describe the taste of umami?

A

Meaty, brothy, savoury

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3
Q

How do the chemical senses work?

A

Molecules stimulate receptors that are exposed to the environment

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4
Q

The chemical senses involve which three components?

A

Taste, olfaction, and flavour

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5
Q

Flavour is the combination of which two senses?

A

Olfaction (smell) and taste

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6
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The constant renewal of taste and smell receptors

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7
Q

Why is neurogenesis unique to the chemical senses?

A

Because of exposure to harmful materials

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8
Q

How long is the cycle of life (neurogenesis) for olfactory and taste receptors, respectively?

A

Olfactory: 5-7 weeks Taste: 1-2 weeks

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9
Q

What does it mean when we say the chemical senses are “Gatekeepers”?

A

They keep the good things, things the body needs for survival, in and rejects the bad things, things that are bd for the body

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10
Q

What are the emotional components associated with the good and bad things that the chemical senses detect?

A

Bad things usually taste or smell bad and good things usually taste or smell good

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11
Q

What are the molecules associated with each taste quality?

A

Salty -> sodium chloride, Sour -> hydrochloric acid, Sweet-> sucrose, Bitter -> quinine

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12
Q

What taste qualities does potassium chloride have?

A

Salty and bitter

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13
Q

What taste qualities does sodium nitrate have?

A

Salty, sour, and bitter

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14
Q

What type of response does sweetness trigger and what effect does this response have on the body?

A

Sweetness triggers an anticipatory metabolic response which prepares the gastrointestinal system for digestion

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15
Q

What response does bitter taste trigger?

A

Automatic rejection response

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16
Q

True or false. There is a perfect connection between tastes and function of substances.

A

False

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17
Q

Describe the filiform?

A

They are shaped like cones, and located all over the surface of the tongue. They also give the tongue it’s rough appearance

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18
Q

Describe the fungiform

A

Shaped like mushrooms, found on sides and tip of tongue

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19
Q

Describe the foliate

A

A series of folds on the back and sides of tongue

20
Q

Describe the circumvilliate

A

Shaped like flat mounds in a trench at the back of the tongue

21
Q

All of the papillae contain taste buds except…

A

The filiform

22
Q

The tongue contains approx. how many taste buds

A

About 10000

23
Q

Where are taste buds located on the tongue?

A

At the back or along the perimeter of the tongue

24
Q

How many cells does each taste bud have (approx.)?

25
When does transduction occur on the tongue?
When chemicals contact the receptor sites on the tips of taste cells
26
Which nerve is associated with the front and sides of the tongue?
Chorda tympani nerve
27
Which nerve is associated with the back of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
28
Which nerve is associated with the soft palate (top of the mouth)?
Superficial petronasal nerve
29
The pathways (nerves) in the tongue make connections where in the spinal cord?
The nucleus of the solitary tract
30
After passing through the spinal cord where do the pathways from the tongue travel to in the brain?
The thalamus and areas in the frontal lobe (insula, frontal opervulum cortex, and orbital frontal cortex)
31
What is population coding?
Idea that quality is signalled by the pattern of activity distributed across many neurons
32
Describe Erickson’s experiment demonstrating population coding.
He presented different taste stimuli to rats and recorded the response of the chorda tympani nerve.
33
What were the results of Erickson’s experiment on population coding?
13 fibres responded to ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride
34
What is another name for population coding, coined by Erickson?
Across-fiber patterns
35
What did the across - fiber patterns show in Erickson’s experiment?
The patterns of ammonium and potassium chloride were similar but that of sodium chloride was different
36
After his initial experiment what did Erickson hypothesize?
Perception of taste quality depends on AFP, if 2 substances have similar AFP they should taste similar
37
Describe Erickson’s experiment used to test the taste quality and AFP hypothesis.
He shocked rats while they were drinking potassium chloride and then gave them a choice between ammonium chloride and sodium chloride. He also did the same when they drank ammonium chloride.
38
What were the results of Erickson’s experiment testing his hypothesis on taste quality and AFP?
The rats avoided potassium/ammonium chloride because they taste similar and they were shocked while drinking those substances
39
How did Erickson test population coding in humans?
He asked people to make similarity judgements between different solutions. Substances perceived to be similar were related to the AFP for the same solutions in rats.
40
What is specificity coding?
Receptors that respond specifically to one particular taste
41
What is genetic cloning?
When you add or eliminate specific receptors, typically in mice and rats, for experimental purposes
42
Describe the experiment by Mueller et al. used to test specificity coding.
Using genetic cloning, wanted to see if mice could be created that had a human receptor that responds to PTC
43
What is PTC?
A chemical compound that tastes bitter in humans but not in mice
44
What is amiloride?
It blocks sodium channels that are important for determining saltiness in rats and other animals but not humans
45
True or false. People can have differences in the type/number of taste receptors which influence perception of taste.
True
46
What is unique about PTC and PROP?
There are differences in taste perception depending on the person. People who can taste them have specialized receptors that non-tasters don’t have

Perception (11 decks)

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