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Perception > Chemical senses - chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chemical senses - chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five basic taste qualities?

A

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami

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2
Q

How would you describe the taste of umami?

A

Meaty, brothy, savoury

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3
Q

How do the chemical senses work?

A

Molecules stimulate receptors that are exposed to the environment

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4
Q

The chemical senses involve which three components?

A

Taste, olfaction, and flavour

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5
Q

Flavour is the combination of which two senses?

A

Olfaction (smell) and taste

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6
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The constant renewal of taste and smell receptors

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7
Q

Why is neurogenesis unique to the chemical senses?

A

Because of exposure to harmful materials

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8
Q

How long is the cycle of life (neurogenesis) for olfactory and taste receptors, respectively?

A

Olfactory: 5-7 weeks Taste: 1-2 weeks

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9
Q

What does it mean when we say the chemical senses are “Gatekeepers”?

A

They keep the good things, things the body needs for survival, in and rejects the bad things, things that are bd for the body

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10
Q

What are the emotional components associated with the good and bad things that the chemical senses detect?

A

Bad things usually taste or smell bad and good things usually taste or smell good

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11
Q

What are the molecules associated with each taste quality?

A

Salty -> sodium chloride, Sour -> hydrochloric acid, Sweet-> sucrose, Bitter -> quinine

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12
Q

What taste qualities does potassium chloride have?

A

Salty and bitter

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13
Q

What taste qualities does sodium nitrate have?

A

Salty, sour, and bitter

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14
Q

What type of response does sweetness trigger and what effect does this response have on the body?

A

Sweetness triggers an anticipatory metabolic response which prepares the gastrointestinal system for digestion

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15
Q

What response does bitter taste trigger?

A

Automatic rejection response

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16
Q

True or false. There is a perfect connection between tastes and function of substances.

A

False

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17
Q

Describe the filiform?

A

They are shaped like cones, and located all over the surface of the tongue. They also give the tongue it’s rough appearance

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18
Q

Describe the fungiform

A

Shaped like mushrooms, found on sides and tip of tongue

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19
Q

Describe the foliate

A

A series of folds on the back and sides of tongue

20
Q

Describe the circumvilliate

A

Shaped like flat mounds in a trench at the back of the tongue

21
Q

All of the papillae contain taste buds except…

A

The filiform

22
Q

The tongue contains approx. how many taste buds

A

About 10000

23
Q

Where are taste buds located on the tongue?

A

At the back or along the perimeter of the tongue

24
Q

How many cells does each taste bud have (approx.)?

A

50-100

25
Q

When does transduction occur on the tongue?

A

When chemicals contact the receptor sites on the tips of taste cells

26
Q

Which nerve is associated with the front and sides of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani nerve

27
Q

Which nerve is associated with the back of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

28
Q

Which nerve is associated with the soft palate (top of the mouth)?

A

Superficial petronasal nerve

29
Q

The pathways (nerves) in the tongue make connections where in the spinal cord?

A

The nucleus of the solitary tract

30
Q

After passing through the spinal cord where do the pathways from the tongue travel to in the brain?

A

The thalamus and areas in the frontal lobe (insula, frontal opervulum cortex, and orbital frontal cortex)

31
Q

What is population coding?

A

Idea that quality is signalled by the pattern of activity distributed across many neurons

32
Q

Describe Erickson’s experiment demonstrating population coding.

A

He presented different taste stimuli to rats and recorded the response of the chorda tympani nerve.

33
Q

What were the results of Erickson’s experiment on population coding?

A

13 fibres responded to ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium chloride

34
Q

What is another name for population coding, coined by Erickson?

A

Across-fiber patterns

35
Q

What did the across - fiber patterns show in Erickson’s experiment?

A

The patterns of ammonium and potassium chloride were similar but that of sodium chloride was different

36
Q

After his initial experiment what did Erickson hypothesize?

A

Perception of taste quality depends on AFP, if 2 substances have similar AFP they should taste similar

37
Q

Describe Erickson’s experiment used to test the taste quality and AFP hypothesis.

A

He shocked rats while they were drinking potassium chloride and then gave them a choice between ammonium chloride and sodium chloride. He also did the same when they drank ammonium chloride.

38
Q

What were the results of Erickson’s experiment testing his hypothesis on taste quality and AFP?

A

The rats avoided potassium/ammonium chloride because they taste similar and they were shocked while drinking those substances

39
Q

How did Erickson test population coding in humans?

A

He asked people to make similarity judgements between different solutions. Substances perceived to be similar were related to the AFP for the same solutions in rats.

40
Q

What is specificity coding?

A

Receptors that respond specifically to one particular taste

41
Q

What is genetic cloning?

A

When you add or eliminate specific receptors, typically in mice and rats, for experimental purposes

42
Q

Describe the experiment by Mueller et al. used to test specificity coding.

A

Using genetic cloning, wanted to see if mice could be created that had a human receptor that responds to PTC

43
Q

What is PTC?

A

A chemical compound that tastes bitter in humans but not in mice

44
Q

What is amiloride?

A

It blocks sodium channels that are important for determining saltiness in rats and other animals but not humans

45
Q

True or false. People can have differences in the type/number of taste receptors which influence perception of taste.

A

True

46
Q

What is unique about PTC and PROP?

A

There are differences in taste perception depending on the person. People who can taste them have specialized receptors that non-tasters don’t have

Perception (11 decks)

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