Chemical Reactions

Question 1

Physical Changes

Answer 1

Substance/Composition doesn’t change
IMFs change but bonds aren’t broken

Question 2

Chemical Changes

Answer 2

New substance is formed
Breaking of chemical bonds

Question 3

Evidence of a Chemical Change

Answer 3

Formation of gas
Energy change
Color Change
Formation of precipitate

Question 4

Strong Acids

Answer 4

HNO3, HClO3, HClO4, HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4

Question 5

Dissolution

Answer 5

Dissolving of a solute in a solvent
Can be physical because it’s reversable
Can be chemical because bonds are broken

Question 6

Titration

Answer 6

A solution of a known concentration is combined with a solution of an unknown concentration to determine the amount of moles in the unkown

Question 7

Titrant

Answer 7

Solution in the buret
Usually the solution of known concentration

Question 8

Analyte

Answer 8

The solution in the flask (unknown)

Question 9

Equivalence point

Answer 9

The point where the titrant has completely reacted with the analyte

Question 10

End point

Answer 10

When the indicator changes color and the analyte is fully reacted

Question 11

Titration Curve

Answer 11

Used to determine the equivalence point
Point with the greatest slope indicates the volume of titrant needed to react with the analyte

Question 12

Types of Chemical Reactions

Answer 12

Acid-Base Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Precipitation Reactions

Question 13

Acid-Base Reactions

Answer 13

Transfer of one or more protons from the acid to the base

Question 14

Conjugate Base

Answer 14

Substance formed after the proton is removed

Question 15

Conjugate Acid

Answer 15

Substance formed when the proton is added

Question 16

Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

Answer 16

One substance on the reactants side and one substance on the products side that differ by only a proton

Question 17

Redox Reactions

Answer 17

Involves the transfer of electrons between reactants
indicated by rust and corrosion
Substance losing electrons is oxidized and substance gaining electrons is reduced
OIL RIG

Question 18

Rules of Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Answer 18

1. Monoatomic ions = its charge
2. Hydrogen = +1 (unless it’s a metal hydride like NaH where it’s -1)
3. Oxygen = -2 (except for peroxides like H2O2 where it’s -1 and in some compounds it’s positive)
4. Elemental form of an atom = 0
5. Neutral compounds = sum is 0
   Polyatomic ions = sum is its charge

Question 19

Precipitation Reactions

Answer 19

Usually double replacement reactions that produce a solid product

Question 20

Arrhenius Acids

Answer 20

Increase H+ in water

Question 21

Arrhenius Bases

Answer 21

Increase OH- in water

Question 22

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

Answer 22

Donates a proton H+

Question 23

Bronsted-Lowry Base

Answer 23

Accepts proton
Must have a lone pair to accept H+

Question 24

Amphiprotic

Answer 24

Can act as a acid or a base depending on what is reacting

Question 25

Half Reactions

Answer 25

An overall balanced redox rea3ction consisting of two half-reactions (oxidation and reduction)

Question 26

Oxidation Half-Reaction

Answer 26

Electrons are found on the right side

Question 27

Reduction Half-Reaction

Answer 27

Electrons are found on the left side