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A&P 1 > Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest, stable unit of matter

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2
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances

Gold is one element, comprised of many atoms of Au

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3
Q

Molecule

A

Smallest particle of a substance containing 2 or more atoms

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4
Q

Compound

A

Combination of 2 or more elements

(H=atom and element, 2H=element, H2=element and molecule, H2O=molecule and compound

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5
Q

Sub-atomic Particles

A

Protons (positive), Neutrons (neutral), & Electrons (negative)

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6
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons

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7
Q

Atomic Weight

A

Average mass of isotopes

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Different number of neutrons

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9
Q

Electrons

A

In outer cloud, ONLY participants in chemical reactions

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10
Q

Non-polar Covalent Bond

A

Equal sharing of electrons between 2 of the same element (H2, O2, N2, etc.)

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11
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons between 2 different elements

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12
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Occurs between 2 ions (1 metal, 1 gas) that have given or taken electrons

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13
Q

Cations

A

Positive charge

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14
Q

Anions

A

Negative charge

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15
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Attraction between the two opposing polar ends of different molecules (H2O attracts to the opposing ends of H2O)

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16
Q

Intra-Molecular Bonds

A

Very strong bonds within one molecule that are broken by chemical reactions

17
Q

Inter-Molecular Bonds

A

Relatively weak bonds between two or more different molecules that are broken by physical means

18
Q

Reactions

A

Consume reactants to make products

19
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body

20
Q

Types of reactions

A
  • Decomposition: one thing becomes many
  • Synthesis: many things become one
  • Exchange: wife swapping
21
Q

Types of energy

A

Potential- relative to position

Kinetic- relative to motion

22
Q

Enzymes

A

Organic catalysts, lower activation energy and allow reactions to occur much easier and faster.

23
Q

Exergonic

A

System releases energy (heat) into the surroundings.

EX: metabolic processes or freezing water

24
Q

Endergonic

A

System consumes energy (heat) from the surroundings.

EX: melting ice

25
Q

Organic molecules always have______&______. Many also have______.

A

Carbon, hydrogen

Oxygen

26
Q

Not all carbon molecules are_____.

A

Organic

27
Q

Acids

A

Release hydrogen ions (HCl)

28
Q

Bases

A

Remove or consume hydrogen ions (NaOH)

29
Q

pH Scale

A

0<14

0 Acid , 7 Neutral (water), 14 Base

30
Q

Buffers

A

Weak acids and bases that maintain pH, some can act as acids or bases

31
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Most important indirect energy source from food

1:2:1 [Cn(H2O)n]- glucose is the basic unit

Ex: monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (table sugar), polysaccharides (starch or fiber)

32
Q

Fats (Lipids)

A

Less oxygen than carbs allows for higher hydrogen concentration, fatty acid is basic unit. EX: fatty acids, fats, steroids, phospholipids

Saturated w/ hydrogen vs unsaturated w/ hydrogen

Hydrophilic (polar) heads vs hydrophobic (non-polar) tails

33
Q

Proteins

A

Most abundant organic compound in the human body. Comprise most physical structures, often act as enzymes.
Amino acid>Peptide>Polypeptide>Protein

34
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA & RNA, nucleotide is the basic unit (composed of a nitrogenous base, simple sugar, and a phosphate)

DNA double-helix stands held in pairs by hydrogen bonds

35
Q

ATP

A

Actual energy source or energy currency. ATP produces energy by becoming ADP and consumes energy to convert back to ATP. The conversion of ADP and AMP into ATP is the primary purpose of indirect energy sources (carbs and fats)

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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