Chemical Interactions Flashcards
What is Alchemy?
Alchemy is the investigation of nature and a combination of chemistry and metalwork
What were the goals of alchemy?
The goals of alchemy were:
1. To find the “Elixir of Life” (Magical elixir that would bring wealth, health, and immortality)
- To find the Philosopher’s Stone. When heated and combined with non-precious or base metals it would turn into gold
- To discover the relationship of humans to the cosmos and use that understanding to improve the human spirit
What is central science?
Alchemy itself didn’t survive the Enlightenment. Yet, chemistry continues its quest. Chemistry is called the central science as it connects natural sciences like physics, biology, and geology.
What were some important contributions of alchemists worldwide?
- Indian Alchemist - He described the process of zinc (Zn) production by distillation
- German Alchemist - Isolated phosphorus (p)
- German alchemist - developed porcelain (clay material)
What are the roots of alchemy/its origins?
In the East in India and China, alchemy started before the common era (CE) with medicine, and meditation to achieve immortality. In the west, alchemy evolved from Egyptian metallurgy.
Who was Aristotle?
He proposed that all matter was composed four elements, Earth, Air, Fire and water.
Who was Alexander the Great?
He discovered the Greek god Hermes’s famous Emerald Tablet, which was said to have the secret of the philosopher’s stone. He is said to have built the Library of Alexandria specifically to house alchemical texts. These texts were later destroyed.
Who were the people after the middle ages?
- Paracelsus
- Robert Boyle
What did Paracelsus do?
He was the first toxicologist, a person who studies poisons. He proposed that a balance of 3 substances (Mercury, sulfur and salt) was necessary for maintaining health. He believed that the “Alkahest” the supposed universal solvent, was the philosopher’s stone.
Who was Robert Boyle?
He created Boyle’s law which stated that the volume of a gas decreases as the pressure on it increases and vice versa. Meaning that Pressure is indirectly proportional to volume.
He is called the Father of Modern Chemistry
Created the copuscularian hypothesis - All matter consisted of varying arrangements of tiny, identical particles called corpuscles and when we change the arrangement of corpuscules, one metal can be converted to another.
Who are two recent Chemist / Alchemists
Antoine Lavoisier and Dmitri Mendeleev
What did Antoine Lavoisier do?
He is also called the father of chemistry. Gave the law of conservation of mass. Proved Boyle’s corpuscular theory wrong.
What did Dmitri Mendeleev do?
Developed the first periodic table
What did JJ Thompson do?
He discovered electrons.
He said that an atom consisted of a positively charged sphere on which negatively charged electrons are embedded. An atom as a whole has 0 charges and is electrically neutral
What did Ernest Rutherford do?
He tested JJ Thompson’s model. He launched positively charged helium ions at gold foil. Most of the helium ions passed right through. A few came right back and a few deflected. His conclusion was:
1. Most of the space in an atom is empty
2. Positive charge is concentrated in a small portion
3. Most of the mass in an atom is concentrated in the center.
Who discovered the Neutron?
James Chadwick
Who discovered the proton?
Ernest Rutherford