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Analysis of Urine & Body Fluids (Laboratory) > Chemical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Chemical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

*Most conventional method of urine chemical analysis
*Simple and rapid

A

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF URINE:

Reagent strip

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2
Q

*Light reflection from the test pads decreases in proportion to the intensity of color produced by the concentration of the test substance
*The darker the color of the reagent pad, the lesser the light reflection and vice versa

A

AUTOMATED REAGENT STRIP READERS

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3
Q

What is the principle of automated reagent strip readers?

A

REFLECTANCE PHOTOMETRY

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4
Q
  1. Dip the reagent strip briefly into a well-mixed uncentrifuged urine specimen
  2. Remove excess urine by touching the edge of the strip to the containers as the strip is withdrawn
  3. Blot the edge of the strip on a disposable absorbent pad
  4. Wait for the specified time for the reaction to occur
  5. Compare the color reaction of the strip pad to the manufacturer’s color chart under a good lighting condition
A

REAGENT STRIP TECHNIQUE

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5
Q

*Store with desiccant in an opaque, tightly closed container
*Store below 30°C (cool dry place); do not freeze
*Do not expose to volatile substances
*Do not use past expiration dates
*Do not use discolored pads
*Remove strips only immediately before use and tightly seal

A

CARE OF REAGENT STRIPS

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6
Q

CARE OF REAGENT STRIPS:

Store with __________ in an __________, __________ container

A

desiccant, opaque tightly closed

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7
Q

CARE OF REAGENT STRIPS:

Store below __________ (cool dry place); do not __________

A

30°C, freeze

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8
Q

CARE OF REAGENT STRIPS:

Do not expose to __________ substances

A

volatile

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9
Q

CARE OF REAGENT STRIPS:

Do not use ___________ dates

A

past expiration

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10
Q

CARE OF REAGENT STRIPS:

Do not use __________ pads

A

discolored

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11
Q

CARE OF REAGENT STRIPS:

Remove strips only __________ and __________

A

immediately before use, tightly seal

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12
Q

*Always check with a (+) and (-) controls a minimum of once every 24 hours or every shift
*QC must also be performed every opening of a new bottle; when there is a questionable result; when there is a concern in the integrity of the strips
*Dipstick reagent box insert must always be consulted for QC and QA

A

QUALITY CONTROL OF REAGENT STRIPS

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13
Q

QUALITY CONTROL OF REAGENT STRIPS:

Always check with a (+) and (-) controls a minimum of __________ or __________

A

once every 24 hours, every shift

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14
Q

QUALITY CONTROL OF REAGENT STRIPS:

QC must also be performed every opening of __________ when there is a questionable result; when there is a concern in the integrity of the strips

A

new bottle

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15
Q

QUALITY CONTROL OF REAGENT STRIPS:

Dipstick reagent box insert must always be consulted for __________ and __________

A

QC and QA

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16
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:

PARAMETER = Glucose
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

30 seconds
Double sequential enzymatic reactions

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17
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:

PARAMETER = BILIRUBIN
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

30 seconds
Diazo reaction

18
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:
(PARAMETER, DURATION, PRINCIPLE)

PARAMETER = KETONES
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

40 seconds
Sodium Nitroprusside test (Legal’s test)

19
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:

PARAMETER = SPECIFIC GRAVITY
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

45 seconds
pKa change of polyelectrolytes

20
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:

PARAMETER = PROTEINS
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

1 minute
Protein error of indicators (Sorensen’s)

21
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:

PARAMETER = PH
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

1 minute
Double indicator system

22
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:
(PARAMETER, DURATION, PRINCIPLE)

PARAMETER = BLOOD
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

1 minute
Psuedoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin

23
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:

PARAMETER = UROBILINOGEN
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

1 minute
Ehlich’s reaction

24
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:

PARAMETER = NITRITES
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

1 minute
Greiss’s reaction

25
Q

PARAMETERS ON A DIPSTICK:

PARAMETER = LEUKOCYTES
DURATION =
PRINCIPLE =

A

2 minutes
Leukocyte Esterase

26
Q

What’s the test of this principle?

Reducing substance + Heat + Alkali
CuSO4 (Copper sulfate) Blue ———————> (+) Cu20 (Copper Oxide) Brick-red

A

COPPER REDUCTION TEST (CLINITEST / BENEDICT’S TEST)

27
Q

REDUCING SUGARS

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Galactose
  3. Lactose
  4. Fructose
28
Q

PROCEDURE OF CLINITEST/BENEDICT’S TEST

  1. Add __________ of Benedict’s-solution to test tube
  2. Add _____ to _____ drops of urine and mix
  3. Heat evenly until __________
  4. Let __________ and __________
A
  1. 5mL
  2. 8 to 10
  3. boiling
  4. stand, cool
29
Q

BENEDICT’S TEST REPORTING:

__________ = clear blue color, blue precipitate may

__________ = Bluish green color

__________ = green color, green or yellow precipitate

__________ = Yellow to green color, yellow precipitate

__________ = Yellow-orange color, yellow-orange precipitate

__________ = Reddish-yellow color, brick red or red precipitate

A

Negative
Trace
1+
2+
3+
4+

30
Q
  1. Reducing agents (ascorbic acid and uric acid)

Reducing agent
CuSO4
(Copper sulfate)
Blue ——————–> (+) Cu20 (Copper Oxide) Brick-red

A

FALSE POSITIVE

31
Q

What are the two reducing agents?

A

Ascorbic acid and Uric acid

32
Q

1.Oxidizing agents (detergents)

Oxidizing agent
CuSO4 (Copper sulfate) Blue <——————–> (+) Cu20 (Copper Oxide) Brick-red

A

FALSE NEGATIVE

33
Q

What is the oxidizing agent?

A

Detergents

34
Q

*Occurs when the amount of sugar present in > 2g/d
*Blue > Green> Yellow > Brick red&raquo_space;»»» Blue or Green-Brown
*Due to reoxidation of cuprous oxide to cupric oxide and other cupric complexes (green)
*To prevent it, use 2 gtts urine

A

PASS THROUGH PHENOMENON

35
Q

PASS THROUGH PHENOMENON:

*Occurs when the amount of sugar present in __________
*Blue > Green> Yellow > Brick red&raquo_space;»»» Blue or Green-Brown
*Due to reoxidation of cuprous oxide to cupric oxide and other cupric complexes (__________)
*To prevent it, use ________ urine

A

> 2g/d
green
2 gtts

36
Q

What’s the test of this principle?

*Reacts equally with all forms of protein
*Reagent: 3% SSA + Sodium sulfate

A

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST (EXTON’S TEST)

37
Q

SULFOSALICYLIC ACID PRECIPITATION TEST (EXTON’S TEST) PRINCIPLE:

Reagent: __________ + __________

A

3% SSA + Sodium sulfate

38
Q

PROCEDURE OF EXTON’S TEST:

  1. Fill a test tube __________ full with urine
  2. Heat the __________
  3. Add _____ to _____ drops of _____ acetic acid
  4. Heat the __________
A
  1. 3/4
  2. upper later
  3. 3 to 5, 5%
  4. tube
39
Q

Exton’s Test Results by its GRADE and TURBIDTY:

__________ = No increase in turbidity.
If viewed from top, circle is visible in test tube bottom.

__________ = If viewed from top, circle not visible in test tube
bottom.
Can read the news print through mixture.

__________ = Distinct turbidity with no granulation.
Cannot read newsprint through mixture.

__________ = Turbidity with granulation but no flocculation.

__________ = Turbidity with granulation and flocculation.

__________ = Clumps of proteins

A

Negative
Trace
1+
2+
3+
4+

40
Q

Exton’s Test Results by its RANGE (mg/dL) Strasinger:

Negative = __________
Trace = __________
1+ = __________
2+ = __________
3+ = __________
4+ = __________

A

<6
6-30
30-100
100-200
200-400
400

41
Q

Exton’s Test Results by its RANGE (mg/dL) Henry’s:

Negative = __________
Trace = __________
1+ = __________
2+ = __________
3+ = __________
4+ = __________

A

5 mg/dL
20 mg/dL
50 mg/dL
200 mg/dL
500 mg/dL
1.0 g/dL

42
Q

COMPARISON OF REAGENT STRIP AND SSA
PROTEIN TEST RESULTS

STRIP RESULT = POSITIVE
SSA RESULT = NEGATIVE

POSSIBLE EXPLANATION:
*Highly buffered alkaline with no albumin present
*Highly buffered alkaline with albumin present
*To differentiate = acidify urine pH to 5.0 then retest

STRIP RESULT = NEGATIVE
SSA RESULT = POSITIVE

POSSIBLE EXPLANATION:
*Proteins other than albumin present
*False (+) = Radiographic contrast media (delayed reaction).
Drugs and or drug metabolites (tolbutamide, penicillin,
cephalosphorins, and sulfonamides)
*Examine precipitate microscopically – drugs and radiographic dye may
form crystalline precipitate, whereas proteins precipitates as amorphous

A

Additional Information (I added it just in case it may be in the quiz)

Analysis of Urine & Body Fluids (Laboratory) (3 decks)

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