Chemical Examination Flashcards
1
Q
Principle of pH
A
Double indicator system
2
Q
Lowest pH that can be measured by reagent strip
A
5 pH
3
Q
Highest pH that can be measured
A
9 pH
4
Q
What are the two indicator system for pH
A
Bromthymol blue
Methylene red
5
Q
Disease where px has an alkaline urine
A
Renal tubular acidosis
6
Q
Renal tubular acidosis produces ____ urine
A
Alkaline
7
Q
Principle for protein
A
Protein error of indicator
8
Q
What particular protein is being measured by the reagent strip
A
Albumin
9
Q
Principle for glucose
A
Double sequential enzymatic rxn
10
Q
Non reducing sugar
A
Sucrose
11
Q
This type of sugar is not measured by clinitest
A
Sucrose
12
Q
Principle for ketones
A
Sodium nitroprusside rxn
13
Q
Principle for blood
A
Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
14
Q
Principle for bilirubin
A
Diazo rxn
15
Q
Principle for urobilinogen
A
Ehrlich’s rxn (multistix)
Diazo rxn (chemstrip)
16
Q
Only parameter that is always positive
A
Urobilinogen
17
Q
Principle for nitrite
A
Greiss rxn
18
Q
This analyte is always correlated with leukocyte esterase for UTI
A
Nitrite
19
Q
Principle of leukocyte esterase
A
Hydrolysis of ester
20
Q
Has the longest waiting time
A
Leukocyte esterase (120 secs)
21
Q
Principle of specific gravity
A
pKa change of polyelectrolytes
22
Q
What is the eleventh parameter
A
Ascorbic acid
23
Q
This parameter always causes false positive and negative
A
Ascorbic acid
24
Q
Amount of ascorbic acid before it appears as positive
A
2500 mg
25
Tillman’s rxn is a principle for what
Ascorbic acid
26
What are the 14th parameter
Urea
Creatinine
Microalbumin
27
____ sink to the bottom of the specimen if not mixed
Wbc and rbc
28
Allowing the strip to remain in the urine for long period may cause ____
Leaching of reagents
29
Other test for albumin or protein
Heat acetic acid
Nitric acid test
30
Test for Bence Jones Protein
Heat precipitation test
31
Bence jones protein precipitates at what temp
40-60 C
32
Bence Jones protein dissolves at what temp
100 C
33
Other test for ketone
Rothera’s
34
Other test for Levulose
Seliwanoff’s
35
Seliwanoff’s is a test for
Levulose
36
Other test for lactose
Rubner’s
37
Other test for bile
Smith’s
38
Other test for indican
Obermayer’s
39
Other test for hemoglobin
Guaiac
40
Other test for calcium
Sulkowitch
41
Chemically impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strip
Reagent strip
42
Specific gravity of random urine
1.005 to 1.035
43
Specific gravity of a px exposed to radiographic contrast media
1.040
44
Testing with reagent strip should be done within ___ hour after collection
One
45
Reading time should be between
60-120 secs
46
Parameter that needs immediate reading
pH???
47
2 types of reagent strip
Multistix
Chemstrip
48
Which analyte are needed to be read within 30 secs
Bilirubin and glucose
49
Glucose should be read within
30 secs
50
Bilirubin should be read within
30 secs
51
Ketone should be read within
40 secs
52
Specific gravity should be read between
45 secs
53
Deterioration of reagent strips are caused by
Moisture
Volatile chemicals
Light
Heat
54
Reagent strips are stored in ____ containers with ____
Opaque containers with dessicant
55
Reagent strips should be stored at room temp below ___
30 C
56
This should not be used as a negative control
Distilled water
57
measures degree of acidity or alkalinity of urine
pH
58
pH of a random spx
4.5 to 8.0
59
These regulates the acid-base balance in the body
Lungs and kidney
60
pH of First morning urine
5.0 to 6.0
61
After a meal, the pH of urine is ____
Alkaline
62
Acidic or Alkaline
resp/metab acidosis not related to renal fxn
Acidic
63
Acidic or Alkaline
resp/metab acidosis is present
Alkaline
64
Acidic or alkaline
Treatment of UTI
Acidic
*bacteria can’t multiple in acidic urine
65
Acidic or alkaline
Precipitation of calcium oxalate
Acidic
66
Acidic or alkaline
DM
Acidic
67
Acidic or alkaline
Dehydration
Acidic
68
Acidic or alkaline
High protein diet
Acidic
69
Acidic or alkaline
Vomiting
Alkaline
70
Acidic or alkaline
Vegetarian diet
Alkaline
71
ph and color for methyl red
4-6 pH
red to yellow
72
ph and color for bromthymol blue
pH 6-9
Green to blue
73
amount of protein in urine
<10 mg/dL or 100 mg/day
74
major serum CHON found in urine
Albumin
75
This protein is also known as uromodulin
Tamm-Horsfall protein
76
Tamm-Horsfall Protein is also known as
uromodulin
77
uromodulin is produced by
Renal tubular epithelial cells
78
Clinical proteinuria value
>/= 30mg/dL
79
Can the reagent strip detect pre renal proteinuria
Di ata
80
Protein present in px with multiple myeloma
Bence Jones
81
Bence Jones protein is seen in px with
Multiple myeloma
82
What are the indicators for protein
Tetrabromophenol blue (multistix)
Tetrachlorophenoltetrabromosulfonphthalein (chemstrip)
83
Color progression for protein
Yellow to green to blue
84
Reporting scale for protein
1+ = ___ mg/dL
30 mg/dL
85
Reporting scale for protein
Trace
< 30 mg/dL
86
Reporting scale for protein
4+ = ___ mg/dL
2000 mg/dL
87
Other test for protein
Immunodip
Micral test
88
Immunodip is a test for
Microalbumininuria
89
Most frequent chemical analysis on urine
Glucose
90
Glucose is reabsorbed where
Proximal convoluted tubule
91
Spx recommended for glucose testing
Fasting spx
92
T/F
Insulin crosses the placenta
False
93
2 enzyme for glucose
Glucose oxidase
Peroxidase
94
What chromogen did multistix used for glucose
Potassium iodide ( green to brown)
95
What chromogen for glucose produces green to brown color
Potassium iodide
96
What chromogen did chemstrip used for glucose
Tetramethylbenzidine
97
What color does tetramethybenzidine produce
Yellow to green
98
Semi quantitative result for glucose
100 mg/dL to 2000 mg/dL
99
Effect of High levels of Ascorbic acid in glucose
False negative
100
Non specific test for reducing substances
Copper reduction test. / clinitest
101
Ketones represents (3)
Acetone
Acetoacetic acid
Hydroxybutyric acid
102
Intermediate product of fat metabolism that is not detected in reagent strip
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
103
__% = acetone
__% = acetoacetic acid
__% = hydroxybutyric acid
2%
20%
78%
104
Positive color in ketone
Purple
105
Effect of Levodopa to ketone
False positive
106
Confirmatory test for ketone
Acetest tablet test
107
___ rbc per microliter of urine is considered clinically significant
>5
108
Effect of high nitrite to blood result
False negative
109
Color for negative bilirubin
Light tan to yellow
110
Color for small amount of bilirubin
Beige to pink
111
Color for large amountsof bilirubin
Purple or violet
112
Confirmatory test for bilirubin
Ictotest
113
Ictotest detects what amount of bilirubin
0.05 to 0.1 mg/dL
114
Positive result in ictotest
Blue to purple
115
Ictotest is a confirmatory test for
Bilirubin
116
Ehrlich’s reagent
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
117
In uribilinogen, Ehrlich’s rxn and diazo rxn both produces ___ color
Red
118
Provides screening test for uti
Nitrite
119
T/F
Small amount of Nitrite is normally found in the urine
False
Nitrate ang normal
120
_____ + nitrite ——> diazonium salt
Para-arsanilic acid or sulfanilamide
121
Bacteria need ___ hours in the bladder to produce nitrite
>/= 4 hours
122
Leukocyte esterase are also present in ____ and ____
Trichomonas and histiocytes
123
___ do not contain leukocyte esterase
Lymphocytes
Rbc
Bacteria
Renal tissue
124
Hydrolysis of ester produces
Aromatic compound and acid
125
In leukocyte esterase rxn, Aromatic compound plus diazonium salt forms ___ dye
Purple azo dye
126
Effect of Strong oxidizing agents in container in leukocyte esterase result
False positive
127
This reflects kidney’s ability to concentrate
Specific gravity
128
The more hydrogen ion released = ___ pH
Lower
129
Principle of ascorbic acid
Tillman’s reaction
130
Tillman’s reagent
2,6-dichloroindophenol sodium
131
Ascorbic acid color
Blue to green
132
Indicator or chromogen used for Ascorbic acid
2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol
133
Principle for calcium
Complexometric rxn
134
Indicator or chromogen for calcium
O-cresolphthalein Complexone or Arsenazo III
135
Principle of creatinine
Pseudoperoxidase activity of copper creatinine complex
136
This parameter has a similar principle with blood
Creatinine
137
Indicator for creatinine
3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid
Or
Creatinine picrate complex (jaffe rxn)
138
Chromogen used for microalbumin
Bromocresol green
Ot
Tetrabromophenol blue
139
It is normal to have a negativd results in these parameters. (6)
Glucose
Ketone
Bilirubin
Nitrites
Leukocyte esterase
Blood
140
Indicator for protein
Tetrabromophenol blue ( multistix)
Tetrachlorophenol tetrabromosulfonphthalein (chemstrip)
141
Indicator for glucose (multistix)
Potassium iodide
142
Potassium iodide is an indicator for what parameter
Glucose
143
Chromogen for ketone
tetramethylbenzidine
144
