Chemical Equilibrium Flashcards
Gibbs energy is a spontaneous reaction?
In a spontaneous reaction at constant temperate and pressure Gibbs energy of a reaction < 0 so the system moves to a lower Gibbs energy, the Gibbs energy of the system decreases as the reaction proceeds
When is the lowest Gibbs energy change reached?
The lowest Gibbs energy is achieved when the reactants are completely converted to products
What happens when a reaction comes to equilibrium?
Starting with the reactants the system can move to lower Gibbs energy by forming products and proceeding in the forward direction, however once the system reaches the equilibrium point the Gibbs energy has reached a minimum. If the reaction continued the Gibbs energy would increase and this process would not be spontaneous, so the composition of the reaction mixture does not change beyond point equilibrium which represent the equilibrium composition of the reaction mixture
When does a system come to equilibrium?
A system comes to equilibrium when it reaches its minimum Gibbs energy
What happens when an equilibrium is reached?
Reactions do not stop when equilibrium is reached although the overall proportion of reactants and products does not change individual molecules may still react but not every molecule that undergoes the forward reaction another molecule will undergo the reverse reaction, there is a dynamic equilibrium
What is the equilibrium constant K?
The composition of a reaction mixture when it comes to equilibrium is described by an equilibrium constant K
What is Kp?
For gas phase reactions an equilibrium constant Kp calculated in terms of the equilibrium partial pressure Peqm of the component is usually used, the units of Kp depend on the stoichometry of the reaction
What is Kp?
For reactions in solution Kc calculated in terms of the molar concentrations is more useful, in dilute solutions the water term is essentially constant and a new equilibrium constant Ka is defined that incorporates Ka, this is called the acidity constant and is a measure of the strength of an acid
What is K?
Defined as the ratio of the thermodynamic activities of the products at equilibrium to those of the reactants
What is the activity of a gas?
The ratio of its partial pressure measured in bar to the standard state pressure
What is the activity of a solution?
The ratio of its molar concentration to the standard
What does the activity of a gas and solution being measured mean?
K has the same numerical value as Kp if partial pressures are measured in bar or as Kc if concentration are measured in moldm-3
Units of K?
It is important to remember that activities have no units so that K has no units and is dimensionless
Summary of Kc?
Equilibrium constant in terms of concentrations units in terms of concentrations moldm-3 used for reactions in solution and sometimes for reactions in the gas phase
Summary of Kp?
Equilibrium in terms of pressure units in terms of pressure used for reactions in the gas phase