Chemical energy and biological processes Flashcards
What type of organism can derive the chemical energy from food?
A Heterotrophic organism
What has to happen for reactions to occur?
It is the chemical energy which causes changes and the chemical bonds must be broken or be made for reactions to occur.
What type of organism derive their chemical energy from the conversion of light energy?
A Autotrophic organism
What is the properties of ATP?
It is small, soluble and can be easily transported.
How much of ATP do we make and break every day?
50 kg that the body only maintains 5 g
What does that mean by the term universal energy currency?
ATP is a universal energy currency and it is a source of energy in all cells, in all organisms and in all/most chemical reactions.
Where can ATP be synthesised?
Mitochondria
Where can ATP be hydrolysed?
In muscle contraction
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP is a nucleotide but what is its components?
It contains the base adenine, the pentose sugar ribose and three phosphate groups
How is ATP hydrolysed?
Is it hydrolysed by the enzyme ATP and breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate group in ATP which removes the third phosphate.
What are the products of the hydrolysis of ATP?
It forms adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate ion with the release of chemical energy. It releases 30.6 kJ when the bond breaks. A reaction that releases energy such as ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic reaction.
What does the double arrow indicate in this reaction?
It indicates that the reaction is reversible so ADP and an inorganic phosphate ion can combine in a condensation reaction to make ATP and water.
What happens in the condensation reaction of a DP and a phosphate ion?
When ATP and water are formed this requires an energy input every mole of ATP synthesised requires 30.6 kJ. A reaction that requires an energy input such as ATP synthesis is an endergonic reaction
What is the addition of a phosphate to ADP called?
Phosphorlylation
What would happen to cells if there was an uncontrollable release of energy?
It would destroy the cells as it would produce a high temperature increase.
How many steps are required to hydrolyse a molecule of ATP?
It involves one single reaction which releases energy immediately.
How many steps are required to hydrolyse glucose?
It involves many intermediates and takes longer for energy to be released.
How many enzymes are required for the hydrolysis of ATP?
It requires one enzymes, ATPase in order for energy to be released from ATP.
How many enzymes are required for the hydrolysis of glucose?
Many enzymes are required in order for energy to be released.
What is the amount of energy released at one time in ATP hydrolysis?
It releases energy in small amounts when and where it is needed.
What’s the amount of energy released at one time for the hydrolysis of glucose?
Glucose contains large amounts of energy which is released all at once.
What does ATP provide a common source of energy for?
Different chemical reactions which increases efficiency and control by the cell.
What is the role of ATP in cellular activity?
Metabolic processes – to build large complex molecules from smaller and simpler molecules.
Active transport – to change the shape of the carrier proteins in the membrane and allow molecules/ions to move against the concentration gradient.
Movement – Muscle contraction.
Nerve transmission – sodium – potassium pumps actively transported sodium and potassium ions across the axon membrane.
Secretion – the packaging in transport as secretary products into the vesicle in the cell.
