Chemical energy and biological processes

Question 1

What type of organism can derive the chemical energy from food?

Answer 1

A Heterotrophic organism

Question 2

What has to happen for reactions to occur?

Answer 2

It is the chemical energy which causes changes and the chemical bonds must be broken or be made for reactions to occur.

Question 3

What type of organism derive their chemical energy from the conversion of light energy?

Answer 3

A Autotrophic organism

Question 4

What is the properties of ATP?

Answer 4

It is small, soluble and can be easily transported.

Question 5

How much of ATP do we make and break every day?

Answer 5

50 kg that the body only maintains 5 g

Question 6

What does that mean by the term universal energy currency?

Answer 6

ATP is a universal energy currency and it is a source of energy in all cells, in all organisms and in all/most chemical reactions.

Question 7

Where can ATP be synthesised?

Answer 7

Mitochondria

Question 8

Where can ATP be hydrolysed?

Answer 8

In muscle contraction

Question 9

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 9

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 10

ATP is a nucleotide but what is its components?

Answer 10

It contains the base adenine, the pentose sugar ribose and three phosphate groups

Question 11

How is ATP hydrolysed?

Answer 11

Is it hydrolysed by the enzyme ATP and breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate group in ATP which removes the third phosphate.

Question 12

What are the products of the hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 12

It forms adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate ion with the release of chemical energy. It releases 30.6 kJ when the bond breaks. A reaction that releases energy such as ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic reaction.

Question 13

What does the double arrow indicate in this reaction?

Answer 13

It indicates that the reaction is reversible so ADP and an inorganic phosphate ion can combine in a condensation reaction to make ATP and water.

Question 14

What happens in the condensation reaction of a DP and a phosphate ion?

Answer 14

When ATP and water are formed this requires an energy input every mole of ATP synthesised requires 30.6 kJ. A reaction that requires an energy input such as ATP synthesis is an endergonic reaction

Question 15

What is the addition of a phosphate to ADP called?

Answer 15

Phosphorlylation

Question 16

What would happen to cells if there was an uncontrollable release of energy?

Answer 16

It would destroy the cells as it would produce a high temperature increase.

Question 17

How many steps are required to hydrolyse a molecule of ATP?

Answer 17

It involves one single reaction which releases energy immediately.

Question 18

How many steps are required to hydrolyse glucose?

Answer 18

It involves many intermediates and takes longer for energy to be released.

Question 19

How many enzymes are required for the hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 19

It requires one enzymes, ATPase in order for energy to be released from ATP.

Question 20

How many enzymes are required for the hydrolysis of glucose?

Answer 20

Many enzymes are required in order for energy to be released.

Question 21

What is the amount of energy released at one time in ATP hydrolysis?

Answer 21

It releases energy in small amounts when and where it is needed.

Question 22

What’s the amount of energy released at one time for the hydrolysis of glucose?

Answer 22

Glucose contains large amounts of energy which is released all at once.

Question 23

What does ATP provide a common source of energy for?

Answer 23

Different chemical reactions which increases efficiency and control by the cell.

Question 24

What is the role of ATP in cellular activity?

Answer 24

Metabolic processes – to build large complex molecules from smaller and simpler molecules.
Active transport – to change the shape of the carrier proteins in the membrane and allow molecules/ions to move against the concentration gradient.
Movement – Muscle contraction.
Nerve transmission – sodium – potassium pumps actively transported sodium and potassium ions across the axon membrane.
Secretion – the packaging in transport as secretary products into the vesicle in the cell.