Chemical Elements & Biological Compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Magnesium

A
  • Constituent of chlorophyll
  • Needed for photosynthesis
  • Lack of leads to chlorosis (yellow leaves)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Iron

A
  • Constituent of haemoglobin
  • Involved in transportation of oxygen in blood
  • Lack leads to anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Calcium

A
  • Structural component of bones and teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phosphate

A
  • Needed for making nucleotides e.g. ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is Water Dipolar ?

A
  • Slightly negative charged oxygen, slightly positive charged hydrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is Water a Good Solvent ?

A
  • Dipolar molecule
  • Easily dissolve charged particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why can Water form Hydrogen Bonds ?

A
  • Slightly negative oxygen is attracted to slightly positive hydrogen.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is there Surface Tension in Water ?

A
  • Water molecules attract each other and create lattices (Cohesion)
  • Hydrogen bonds between water molecules creates surface tension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why does Water have High Latent Heat ?

A
  • Many hydrogen bonds, large amount of heat needed for temperature change
  • Requires lots of energy to break bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • Single sugars containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
  • Name depends on number of carbons (triose-3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Disaccharide

A
  • Two monosaccharides bonded together by condensation reaction, loss of water forming a glycosidic bond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polysaccharide

A
  • Many monosaccharides bonded together forming glycosidic bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes a Polysaccharide good energy store ?

A
  • Unable to diffuse in and out of cell
  • Compact
  • Insoluble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alpha Glucose

A

Hydroxyl group below C4, H above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Beta Glucose

A

Hydroxyl group above C4, H below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Isomers

A

Same chemical formula, different atom arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Starch

A
  • Main energy store in plants
  • Made of amylose and amylopectin
18
Q

Structure of Amylose

A
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • Forms single helix
  • Alpha glucose
19
Q

Structure of Amylopectin

A
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • Forms branched structure increasing surface area for hydrolysis to occur
  • Alpha glucose
20
Q

Glycogen

A
  • Energy store in humans
  • Has a more branched structure than amylopectin
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • Alpha glucose
21
Q

Cellulose

A
  • Present in plant cell walls
  • Beta glucose
  • 180 degree rotations
  • Hydrogen bonds between rotated glucose forming microfibrils
22
Q

Chitin

A
  • Exoskeletons
  • Beta glucose
  • 180 degree rotation
  • Hydrogen bonds between rotated glucose forming microfibrils
  • Strong, light, waterproof
23
Q

Functions of Lipids

A
  • Energy reserve
  • Thermal insulation
  • Protection
  • Waterproofing
  • Metabolic Water
24
Q

Triglycerides

A

1 glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acids by condensation reaction forming an ester bond

25
Q

Phospholipid

A
  • Phosphate group and 2 fatty acids
  • Phosphate group is hydrophilic
  • Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
26
Q

Saturated Fats

A

Hydrocarbon chain fully bonded to hydrogen atoms

27
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A
  • Hydrocarbon chain includes double bond.
  • Not fully bonded to hydrogen atoms
  • Creates a kink in the structure
28
Q

Effect of Saturated Fats on Health

A
  • Atherosclerosis (build up of fatty deposits in arteries)
  • LDL - low density lipoproteins
  • Leads to angina then heart attack
29
Q

Effect of Unsaturated Fats on Health

A
  • Results in body manufacturing high density lipoproteins (HDL)
  • These carry harmful fats to the liver for disposal
30
Q

Amino Acids

A

Order of 20 amino acids determine structure therefore function

31
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids bonded together by a condensation reaction, loss of water forming a peptide bond

32
Q

Polypeptide

A

Many amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds

33
Q

Primary Proteins

A

Linear sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

34
Q

Secondary Protein

A
  • Alpha helix/Beta pleated sheet
  • Hydrogen bonds between =O and -COOH
35
Q

Tertiary Protein

A
  • Disulphide bridges, Ionic bonds, Hydrophobic interactions
  • Gives globular proteins their shape
36
Q

Quaternary Protein

A
  • 2 or more polypeptide chains in tertiary form combined
37
Q

Types of Globular Protein

A
  • Antibodies
  • Enzymes
  • Plasma Proteins
  • Hormones
38
Q

Properties of Globular Proteins

A
  • Compact, folded into spherical molecules
  • Insoluble in water
39
Q

Structural Functions of Fibrous Proteins

A
  • Polypeptides in parallel chains
  • Sheets with crosslinks
40
Q

Properties of Fibrous Proteins

A
  • Insoluble in water
  • Strong
  • Tough
41
Q

Example of Globular Protein

A
  • Haemoglobin
  • 4 folded polypeptides and a ham group
42
Q

Example of Fibrous Proteins

A
  • Collagen
  • Single fibre containing 3 polypeptide chains interwined
  • Very stable