Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Chemical Elements And Water > Flashcards

Chemical Elements And Water Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Other than the most frequently occurring chemical elements, what other elements are needed by living organisms?

A

Sulfar, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a role of sulphur?

A

Needed for he synthesis of two amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of phosphorus within living organisms?

A

Is part of DNA molecules and is also part of the phosphate group ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a role of calcium within living organisms?

A

Found in bones and teeth and also involved in neurotransmitter release in synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of iron in living organisms?

A

Found in haemoglobin, allowing for oxygen transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the thermal properties of water?

A

Heat capacity, boiling and freezing points and e cooling effect of evaporation.
Large heat capacity - considerable amount of energy is needed to increase its temperature, due to strength of hydrogen bonds: not easily broken, water temp is stable - aquatic animals can use as habitat
High boiling and freezing point - strong hydrogen bonds, humans are 70% water we would boil otherwise, organisms would not survive, ice being v. dense insulates water underneath:good habitat
Evaporation at temps below boiling point - sweat, coolant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of sodium within a living organism?

A

Involved in the generation of nerve impulses in neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the cohesive properties of water?

A

Strong hydrogen bonds hold the molecules together.

Water can move up plants because of cohesion, water sticks to itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the solvent properties of water?

A

Many different substances can dissolve in it because of its polarity - can carry things around the body, also chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What compounds are found in living organisms and contain carbon but aren’t considered organic compounds?

A

Carbon Dioxide
Carbonates
Hydrogen Carbonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Organic compounds are found in living organisms and contain carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List three examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose (animal)
Galactose (animal)
Fructose (plant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List three examples of disaccharides.

A

Lactose - (animal)
Maltose - (animal)
Sucrose - (plant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List three examples of polysaccharides.

A

Glycogen (animal)
Starch (plant)
Cellulose (plant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a function of glucose in animals?

A

Energy source for the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a function of lactose in animals?

A

Sugar found in milk, provides energy to new horns until they are weaned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of glycogen in animals?

A

Used as a short term energy source and is stored in muscles and the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of fructose in plants?

A

Makes fruits taste sweet, causes animals to eat fruits and disperse seeds found in fruits - reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function or sucrose in plants?

A

Used as an energy source for the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is he role of cellulose in a plant?

A

Cellulose fibres is what makes the plant cell wall strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

State three functions of lipids.

A

Used for energy storage in the form of fat in humans and oil in plants
Used as heat insulation as fat under the skin deuces heat loss
Allow buoyancy as they are less dense that water and so animals can float in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Outline DNA nucleotide structure.

A

A nucleotide is made of the sugar deoxyribose, a base (either adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine) and a phosphate group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Compare lipids and carbohydrates in terms of energy storage.

A

Carbohydrates - short term storage, soluble in water - easier to transport, fast release of energy, easily digested, needs less oxygen to release energy; stored as glycogen in the liver
Lipids - stored as fat in animals, insoluble - difficult to transport, long term storage, slow release of emery, need more oxygen to release energy, more energy per gram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What ate the names or the four bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is a DNA double helix formed?

A

Using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds.
DNA is made up of two nucleotide strands. The two strands are connected by hydrogen bonds which are found between the bases. Adenine forms a bond with thymine and guanine forms a bond with cytosine - complementary base parings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are DNA nucleotides linked together?

A

A covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide. (Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Explain DNA replication.

A

DNA replication is semi-conservative as both of the DNA molecules produced are formed from an old strand and a new one. The first stage of DNA replication involves the unwinding of the DNA double helix and separating them by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases. This is done by the enzyme helicase. Each separated strand now is a template for the new strands. There are many free nucleotides around the replication fork which then bond to the template strands. The free nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with their complimentary base pairs on the template strand. Adenine will pair up with thymine and guanine will pair up with cytosine. DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for this. The new DNA strands then rewind to form a double helix. The replication process has produced a new DNA molecule which is identical to the initial one.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA?

A

Adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine.
Complementary base pairing allows the strands to be identical to each other as they have the same base sequence. New strands are complementary to their template strands and identical to the other strand of DNA.

29
Q

Is DNA replication conservative?

A

It is semi-conservative

30
Q

Compare the structure of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is composed of double helix structure: RNA is composed of one strand
DNA is deoxyribose: RNA is ribose
DNA has thymine: RNA has uracil
Both consist of nucleotides contain a sugar, base and a phosphate group

32
Q

Outline the process of DNA transcription.

A

DNA transcription is the formation of an RNA strand which is complementary to the DNA strand.

1) the DNA is unzipped by the enzyme RNA polymerase - the two strands uncoil and separate
2) one DNA strand acts as a template to which free nucleotides attach by complementary base pairing, creating the mRNA, in which thymine is replaced by uracil.
4) the messenger RNA separates from the DNA
5) the DNA could back up again using RNA polymerase

33
Q

Describe the genetic code. (6)

A

The genetic code is composed of mRNA base triplets called codons. There are 64 different codons and each codes for the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain. The genetic code is degenerate meaning more than one codon can code for a particular amino acid and the genetic code is universal, meaning it is the same in almost all organisms.
AUG is the start codon and some codons code for the end of translation.

33
Q

What is the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide?

A

One gene would always make one polypeptide
Exceptions:
1) some genes control the expression of others (no polypeptide)
2) some genes code for RNA which does not produce a polypeptide (start codon)

34
Q

Explain the process of translation.

A

(Takes place in the cytoplasm)
1) mRNA is used as a template. mRNA will bind with a ribosome which moves along the mRNA facilitating the addition of amino acids. mRNA is constructed of codons, that code for a particular animo acid which will be added to the growing polypeptide. tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome-mRNA complex. Stop codon causes the release of polypeptide.

35
Q

Define enzyme

A

Globular proteins which acts as a catalyst of chemical reactions

36
Q

Define active site.

A

Region on the surface of the enzyme to which the substrates binds and which catalyse the chemical reaction involving the substrate.

37
Q

What is enzyme/substrate specificity?

A

The active site of an enzyme is very specific to its substrates. Enzymes can only catalyse certain reactions as a small number of substrates fit in the active site. This is called enzyme-substrate specificity. For a substrate to bind to the active site of an enzyme it must fit in the active site and be chemically attracted to it. This makes the enzyme very specific to its substrate.

38
Q

What affects the rate of enzyme activity?

A

Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration

39
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

The molecules move faster and colliding together more often. After the optimum temperature the temp gets too high and the bonds holding the enzymes together break and the enzyme is denatured - stops functioning

40
Q

How does pH affect the rate of enzyme activity?

A

Enzymes usually have an optimum temp at which they work most efficiently. As the pH diverges from the optimum, enzyme activity decreases. Both acid and alkali environments can denature enzymes.

41
Q

How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration increases as there are more random collisions between substrate and active site. However at some point all the active sites will be in use and therefore increasing the substrate concentration more won’t have any affect on rate of enzyme activity

42
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The changing of the structure if an enzyme (or other protein) so it can no longer carry out its function

43
Q

What enzyme would you use to produce lactose free milk?

A

Lactase

44
Q

How would you make lactose free milk?

A

Lactose is sugar found in milk. Broken down by lactase into glucose and galactose. Two ways to create lactose free milk:

1) adding the lactase to milk so milk contains the enzyme - doesn’t work commercially, enzymes denature
2) immobilising the enzyme on alginate beads. Milk then flows through beads with immobilised lactase, removes lactose from milk

45
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.

46
Q

What happens during cell respiration?

A

Glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP.

47
Q

What happens to the pyruvate during aerobic respiration?

A

If oxygen is available, the pyruvate is taken up into the mitochondria and is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. A large amount of ATP is released during this process.

48
Q

In anaerobic respiration what happens to the pyruvate?

A

The pyruvate stays In the cytoplasm and in humans is converted into lactate (which forms lactic acid) which is removed from the cell. In yeast the pyruvate is converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol. In either case, no further ATP is produced.

49
Q

What does photosynthesis involve?

A

Photosynthesis involves the conversion if light energy into chemical energy

50
Q

What is light from the sun composed of?

A

A range of wavelengths

51
Q

What is the main photosynthetic pigment?

A

Chlorophyll

52
Q

What is used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules?

A

ATP and hydrogen

53
Q

What are the differences in absorption of red, blue and green light by chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophyll can absorb red and blue light more than green. Blue light absorbed the most but red light also absorbed in high amounts. Chlorophyll cannot absorb green light so reflects it to make the leaves look green.

54
Q

How can the rate of photosynthesis by measured?

A

Directly by the production of oxygen or the uptake of carbon dioxide
Indirectly by an increase of biomass

55
Q

How can photosynthesis be measured directly by the production of oxygen or the uptake or carbon dioxide?

A

Aquatic plants release oxygen bubbles during photosynthesis so gees can be collected and measured
When carbon dioxide is absorbed from the water the pH of the water rises and so this can be measured with pH indicators.

56
Q

How can photosynthesis be measured by an increase in biomass?

A

If batches of plants are harvested at a series of times and the biomass of these plants is calculated, the rate increase of biomass gives an indirect measure of the rate of photosynthesis in the plants.

57
Q

What affects the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Carbon dioxide concentration

58
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

As temp increases so does the rate of photosynthesis until optimum temp is reached because enzymes are moving more rapidly. After optimum temp, enzymes start to denature and rate decreases rapidly

59
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity increases so does rate of reaction as light provides energy for the reaction
Up until certain point where photosynthesis cannot happen faster and is limited by other factors and therefore rate will not increase

60
Q

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

No photosynthesis at low levels of carbon dioxide, nothing to do reaction with
More carbon dioxide - higher levels of photosynthesis - more carbon dioxide to react with water

61
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG (Methionine)

62
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UGA/UAG (just stop codons)

63
Q

Describe the significance of water to living organisms. (6)

A

Relate all to living organisms
Solvent - capable of dissolving substances for transport within organisms
Thermal properties - has a high heat of vaporization, acts as a coolant
Water is an effective transport medium for dissolved substances (in plants, minerals from the soil and sugars from the leaves can be transported in water through the xylem and phloem respectively; while in animals, water in the blood is used to transport oxygen, glucose and urea)
The force of attraction between water molecules makes water sufficiently dense for some smaller organisms to move along its surface

64
Q

What is light energy used for in photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is used to produce ATP, and to split water molecules to form oxygen and hydrogen

65
Q

State the two materials to convert carbon dioxide to organic molecules in plants.

A

ATP
Hydrogen
Water

66
Q

Explain the similarities and differences of anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration.

A

Similarities:

  • both start with glucose
  • both use glycolysis
  • both produce ATP
  • both produce pyruvate
  • Carbon dioxide is produced

Differences

  • in anaerobic, fermentation produces lactic acid in humans and ethanol and CO2 in yeast
  • anaerobic occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, whereas aerobic takes place in the mitochondria
  • aerobic produces more ATP than anaerobic
67
Q

Give an example of a fibrous protein.

A

Collagen

68
Q

Give an example of globular proteins.

A

Haemoglobin

69
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine and Thymine?

A

2

70
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine?

A

3

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions