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Biology- Unit 1 > Chemical Element And Biological Compounds > Flashcards

Chemical Element And Biological Compounds Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Inorganic ions

A

A molecule or ion that has no move than 1 carbon atoms

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2
Q

Organic ions

A

Molecules that have a high proportion of Carbon atoms.

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3
Q

Micronutrients

A

They are needed in trace concentrations (eg.) copper,zinc etc

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4
Q

Macronutrients

A

Needed in small concentrations

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5
Q

What is the importance of inorganic ions?

A

Play a part in many cellular processes (eg.)
Muscle coordination
Nervous coordination
Maintaining water potential in cells and blood

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6
Q

Name 4 main macronutrients

A

Mg2+
Fe2+
(Po4)3-
Ca2+

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7
Q

Explain the importance of mg2+ for plants and mammals

A

> Important constituent of chlorophyll and is therefore essential for photosynthesis. Plants without mg in their soil cannot make chlorophyll and so the leaves are yellow (a condition know as chlorosis).

> growth is often stunted from lack of glucose. Manimals need glucose for their bones

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8
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small subunits which can create larger molecules

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9
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Joining two molecules creating a chemical bond and removing water.

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10
Q

What is the general formula monosaccharides

A

( CH2O) n

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11
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

-an individual sugar molecule

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12
Q

Draw a ribose and give its formula

A
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13
Q

Starch

A

> is the main stone of glucose for plants
starch is made up of alpha-glucose

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14
Q

Chitin

A

Structural polysaccharide which is found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (insects) and infungal all walls.
Resembles glucose with its log chains of B1-4,linked monomers but has groups derived from among acids added to form a heteropllysccharide

It is strong water proof and lightweight
.like cellulose the monomers are rotated throug 180 degrees in relation to their neighbours
And the long parallel chains are linked to one another each other by hydrogen bonds forming microfibrils

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15
Q

What are the 3 main mosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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16
Q

Draw glyceradehyde and state its function

A

Important intermediate molecules in the reactions of respiration and .it is a triose with the formula C 3 H6 O3

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17
Q

Give an example of a triose

A

Glyceraldehyde

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18
Q

Give an example of a Pentose

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

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19
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose (draw and explain)

A

On C2 deoxyribose has a H ion on the bottom but on ribose - C2 has an OH on the bottom

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20
Q

Why are ribose and deoxyribose important?

A

Play an important part in the structure of nucleotides. (Eg.) DNA and RNA also are important in the structure of ATP and ADP. ( C5H10 O5

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21
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Some chemical formula but different structure

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22
Q

Give examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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23
Q

Give examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
cellulose
Glycogen

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24
Q

Why is the macronutrients fe 2+ needed for?

A

A constituent of haemoglobin which transports oxygen in red blood cells .lack of iron in the human diet can cause anemia

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25
Q

Why is the macronutrient phosphate needed for (po43-)?

A

Are used make nucleotides,including atp ,and are a constituent of phospholipids,found in biological membranes

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26
Q

Why is the macronutrient ca 2+ needed for ?

A

It is an important structural component of bones and teeth in mammals and is component of plant cell walls ,to provide strength

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27
Q

What are the 7 rules of water?

A

Ice is less dense than water
Water is a liquid at most temperature found on earth
Water is transparent
Water has high surface tension
Water has a high specific heat capacity
Water has a high latent heat of vaporisation
Water has a strong cohesive and adhesive properties

28
Q

Ice is less dense than water -why is this significant

A

This forms an insulating layer over the surface of aquatic habitats; ponds and other aquatic habitats do not freeze solid so animals can still move/swim.

29
Q

Water is a liquid at room temperature-why is this significant

A

It can be used as a transport medium e.g., in blood in mammals, water transports dissolved ions up the xylem in plants.

30
Q

Water is transparent-why is this significant?

A

Light can pass through for aquatic plants to photosynthesise; light can pass through the cytoplasm of plant cells so it can reach the chloroplasts.

31
Q

Water has a high surface tension-why is this significant?

A

The surface of water can support the mass of many organisms and becomes a habitat for them e.g., pond skaters.

32
Q

Water has a high specific heat capacity – it can absorb a lot of energy with only a small rise in temperature.

A

The temperature of cells and aquatic habitats does not change quickly – conditions thermally remain stable. This is useful inside cells as the temperature of the cytoplasm is stable so enzymes do not denature.

33
Q

Water has a high latent heat of vapourisation.

A

A lot of energy is needed to evaporate water so organisms use water evaporation to cool down (e.g., sweating) and aquatic habitats don’t disappear easily by evaporation. Transpiration in plants also has a cooling effect on leaves.

34
Q

Water has strong cohesive and adhesive properties.

A

Due to the strong lattice of hydrogen bonds,water molecules stick together (cohesion)

This increases the waters surface tension

They can stick to other non-polar or charged substances (adhesion) – so water molecules can be placed under high tensile (pulling) forces and pulled through the xylem of plants during transpiration.

35
Q

What is a monosaccharide ?

A

Are small organic molecules that are the building blocks for larger carbohydrates

36
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

37
Q

What is the general formula for a monosaccharide

A

Cn(H2O)n
CnH2nOn

38
Q

Are ribose and deoxyribose a structural isomer ?

A

No because they have different molecular formulae
ribose, C5H10O 5

​

deoxyribose, C5H10O4

39
Q

How are we going to remember the difference between alpha and bet a glucose?

A

ABBA
Stands for alpha below beta above

40
Q

How is a disaccharide made? (From what)

A

by a condensation reaction (loss of water) and tha bond that hold a disaccharide together is called a glycosidic bond

In maltose the bond lies below C1 and water is lost from C1 on one glucose and C4 on the second. So, the name of the bond is an α-1-4 glycosidic bond.

41
Q

How is glycosidic bond broken down?

A

By a hydrolysis reaction

42
Q

What is polysaccharide

A

A complex carbohydrate consisting of chains of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.

43
Q

Chitin

A

Chitin is found in the cell walls of fungi and in the exoskeletons of insects. It is not a true polysaccharide as it contains the element nitrogen – it is called a heteropolysaccharide.

It has a similar structure and function as cellulose but because it contains side groups containing N, more hydrogen bonds can form. Chitin microfibrils, therefore, have greater tensile strength than those of cellulose.

44
Q

What are lipids made out of ?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
They contain a high proportion of CH2 groups

45
Q

What is a lipids solubility in water ?

A

All lipids have a low solubility in water but a high solubility in organic solvents (e.g., ethanol, tetrachloromethane).

46
Q

What do triglycerides form?

A

Triglycerides are molecules that form fats or oils depending on the size of the molecule. The more carbon atoms, the higher the melting point because the intermolecular forces are stronger and more energy is required to overcome them.

47
Q

What does R reperesent ?

A

The carbon chain in acids

48
Q

What are the main functions of triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides are also good thermal insulators and provide mechanical protection for delicate organs.

Because fats are less dense than water, they are used to provide buoyancy for many aquatic animals.

Some animals spread oil onto their fur or feathers because this makes them waterproof. This is because fats are hydrophobic and repel water.

49
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A
50
Q

Draw a diagram of a water molecule

A

Have you included the electrons
Is the structure correct

51
Q

Explain the properties of water using its charges

A

Water is polar molecule

This is because oxygen has a slightly - charge and hydrogen has a slightly +charge but the molecule has no overall charge

Because of the polarity of the water molecule they form hydrogen bond between one another .

This i when one +hydrogen from 1 water molecule bonds with a - oxygen in another water molecule

The hydrogen bonds are very weak but since there is a large number of hydrogen bonds present the overall lattice framework is strong

52
Q

What type of compound is a carbohydrate?

A

And organic compound

53
Q

How is the name of a monosaccharide determined

A

By the number of c atoms
Eg a triose sugar has 3 carbons

54
Q

What is a disaccharide composed of ?

A

To monosaccharide subunits bonded to get her by a glycosidic bond and the elimination of water
Wheich is a n example of a condensation reaction

55
Q

What is a sucrose made out of draw its structure

A

Alpha glucose and fructose
Fructose :we are going to remember by - reflection and AABB
Alpha glucose we are going to remember by BBAB

56
Q

How do you draw lactose

A

Is made up if upside down alpha glucose and a beta galactose ABAA
We call it beta because it is similar to beta glucose

57
Q

What is chitin

A

A structural polysaccharide

58
Q

Where is chitin found

A

In the exoskeletons of arthropods insects and fugal cell walls

59
Q

What type of monomers is chitin made from

A

B 1-4 linked monomers with groups derived from amino acids added to it to form hetropollysaccharides

60
Q

What are the properties of chitin

A

Strong
lightweight
Watterproof

61
Q

Explain the structure of chitin

A

The monomers (B ,1-4 glucose )are rotated through 180 degrees in relation to their neighbours these form into chain which then are linked to one another by cross linked bonds forming microfibrils

62
Q

What is cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide

63
Q

Where can you find cellulose

A

In plant cellwall - making it the most abundant organic molecule on earth.

64
Q

What monomer is cellulose made out of

A

B 1-4 glucose

65
Q

Explain the structure of cellulose

A

They are joined by bil-4 glycosidic bonds and the B link rotates the adjacent B. Glucose by 180°

This allows hydrogen bonds to form between the oh groups of adjacent parallel chains. This contributes to cellulose structural stability

66
Q

Why is cellulose hard to digest

A

It is very difficult to digest because of the very high numbers of hydrogen bonds between the chains of beta glucose

67
Q

What are the properties of cellulose

A

.. Cellulose is completely insoluble and the microfibrils are laid down in overlapping layers in plant cell walls.

Biology- Unit 1 (2 decks)

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