Cells And Cell Structure Flashcards
What is a membrane made out of?
Proteins and phospholipids
Why can’t biological membranes be distinguished in a light microscope?
Because the are so thin and in the electron microscope they appear as a single line
What units are molecules and ecosystems measured in
Nm and km
What are cells and organelles measured in ?
Micro meters ym
And all the parts of an animal cell
Plasma cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Centriole
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Chromatin
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Vesicle
Golgi body
What is an organelle
A specialised structure with a specific function inside a cell
Name all the parts of a plant cell
Cell wall
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic plastic reticulum
Chloroplast
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Plasmodesma
Nuclear pore
Ribosomes
Golgi body
Vacuole
Tontoplast
Vesicle
What are the main features of the mitochondria?
Often cylindrical and 1-10 micro meters in length
They consist of 2 membranes which are separated by the inter-membrane space which is a fluid filled space this separates the outer membrane and the inner membrane
The inner membrane fold to form cristae
The inner membrane outlines an organic matrix ,which is a solution containing many compounds including lipids and proteins
It has small 70s ribosomes and a small circle of DNA which allow the mitochondria to self replicate itself and make some of its own proteins
What is the function of the mitochondria?
It’s function is to produce ATP through aerobic respiration
During aerobic respiration glucose reacts with oxygen to give co2 h2o and ATP (ENERGY) where the co2 and h2o are byproducts
Some of the reactions occur in the matrix and others in the inner membrane
The cristae provides a larger SA for the attachment of enzymes involved in respiration
Metabolically active cells such as muscle cells need have lots of mitochondria because the require alot of energy which they receive in the form of ATP
Mitochondria has a larger SA than a spher of the same volume as it is in the shape of a cylinder (SA : volume ratio is bigger)
Due to its cylindrical for it has a reduced diffusion distance between the edge and the centre compared to a sphere which makes respiration more efficient
Wha this the stroma?
Is fluid filled and contains some of the products of photosynthesis including lipid droplets and starch grains which can take up a large part of the stoma
In what way are chloroplast similar to mitochondria
They both contain 70s ribosomes and circular DNA which enables them to self replicate and form some of their own proteins
Name all the parts of a mitochondria
innner membrane
outer membrane
matrix
Cristae
Inter membrane space
Circle of DNA
70s ribosomes
Name all the parts of a chloroplast
Double membrane
Thylakoids
Inter granal lamella\thylakoid
Starch grains
70 s ribosomes
Granum
Stroma
Circular DNA
What are thylakoids
Thylakoids are flattened sacs that are within the stroma
Multiple thylakoids stacked on top of one another is called a granum
Each granum consists of between 2 and a 100 parallel sacs
Inside the thylakoids ther are photosynthetic materials such as chlorophyll.
This whole arrangement produces a lager SA which is efficient for trapping light energy
What is the endoplasmic reticulum
It is an elaborate system of parallel double membranes forming flattened sacs with interconnected fluid filled spaces between them called cristernae
The ER is connected to the nuclear envelope
The ER allows the transport of material through the cell
