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bio year 10! > chemical digestion > Flashcards

chemical digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

Chemical digestion is the breakdown of
large insoluble molecules into small
soluble molecules.

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2
Q

role of chemical digestion

A

The role of chemical digestion is to produce
small soluble molecules that can be
absorbed

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3
Q

mention the three enzymes

A

amylase, protease, lipase

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4
Q

what does amylase break down and to what

A

breaks down starch to simpler sugars

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5
Q

what does protease break down and to what

A

breaks down protein to amino acids

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6
Q

what does lipase break down and to what

A

breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol

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7
Q

where is amylase secreted?

A

pancreas and salivary glands

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8
Q

where is amylase’s site of action

A

mouth and duodenum

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9
Q

what is the special conditions for amylase

A

slightly alkaline

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10
Q

what is the substrate digested in amylase

A

starch

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11
Q

what is the end products for amylase

A

maltose and glucose

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12
Q

where is protease (pepsin) secreted

A

stomach

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13
Q

where is protease (pepsin) site of action

A

stomach

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14
Q

where is protease (trypsin) secreted

A

pancreas

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15
Q

where is protease (trypsin) site of action

A

small intestine

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16
Q

what is the special conditions for protease

A

acid in stomach, alkaline in duodenum (small intestine)

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17
Q

what is the substrate digested in protease

A

protein

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18
Q

what is the end products for protease

A

amino acids

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19
Q

where is lipase secreted

A

pancreas

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20
Q

where is lipase’s site of action

A

duodenum

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21
Q

what is the special conditions for lipase

A

alkaline

22
Q

what is the substrate digested in lipase

A

Fat

23
Q

what is the end products for lipase

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

24
Q

starch is broken down to what

A

amylase

25
Q

where is amylase found

A

saliva, pancreas, small intestine

26
Q

amylase breaks starch into what

A

maltose

27
Q

from maltose to what

A

glucose

28
Q

proteins bare broken down by

A

protease

29
Q

pepsin and trypsin are found where

A

pepsin in stomach and trypsin in small intestine

30
Q

fats are made up of

A

fatty acids and glycerol

31
Q

fats are broken down by what

A

lipase

32
Q

lipase is found where

A

small intestine and pancreatic juice

33
Q

glycogen is stored where

A

liver

34
Q

glucose is converted to what

A

glycogen

35
Q

the stomach secretes what kind of juice

A

gastric juice

36
Q

the pancreas secretes what kind of juice

A

pancreatic juice

37
Q

the mouth has what

A

salivary glands

38
Q

gastric juice contains what

A

hydrochloric acid and pepsin, also it is acidic

39
Q

pancreatic juice contains

A

amylase, protease, lipase. it also works in the small intestine.

40
Q

the salivary glands produce what

A

saliva and amylase and they are alkaline

41
Q

functions of hydrochloric acid

A
  • kills bacteria in food and gives an acid PH for enzymes
  • denaturing enzymes in harmful microorganisms in food
  • giving the optimum Ph for pepsin activity
42
Q

explain digestion of starch

A

amylase breaks down starch to maltose in the mouth.
maltase breaks down maltose to glucose on the membranes of the epithelium lining the small intestine.

mouth–starch—maltose—-small intestine
maltose is broken down by maltase to form glucose

43
Q

explain digestion of protein

A

pepsin breaks down protein in the acidic conditions of the stomach.
trypsin breaks down protein in the alkaline conditions of the small intestine.

protein is broken down by pepsin to form polypeptide and polypeptide is broken down by trypsin to form amino acids

44
Q

where does protein digestion take place

A

stomach and duodenum

45
Q

what is bile

A

Bile is an alkaline mixture that neutralises the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach, to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action.

Emulsifies fats to increase the surface area for the chemical digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase.

46
Q

where is bile released

A

the small intestine

47
Q

where is bile made+ stored + transferred

A

bile is made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and transferred to the duodenum by the bile duct

48
Q

the function of the hydrogen carbonate in bile

A

neutralising the acid mixture of food and gastric juices as it enters the duodenum, this is important because enzymes secreted into the duodenum need alkaline conditions to work at their optimum rate

49
Q

how is a low ph helpful in the stomach

A
  • low ph kills bacteria in food that we have ingested as it denatures the enzymes in their cells, meaning they can’t carry out any cell reactions to maintain life
  • pepsin, produced in the stomach, an example of an enzyme that has a very low optimum ph- around ph 2
  • hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach remains within the optimum range for pepsin to work at its fastest rate
50
Q

more water is absorbed where

A

small intestine and large intestine

51
Q

large intestine is made of

A

anus, colon, rectum

bio year 10! (5 decks)

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