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Intro to neuroscience > Chemical control of brain and behavior > Flashcards

Chemical control of brain and behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What are functional zones of hypothalamus?

A

lateral, medial and periventricular (cells of this region lie right next to the wall of 3rd ventricle)

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2
Q

What is the main role of hypothalamus?

A

integrating somatic and visceral responses in accordance with brain’s needs

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3
Q

SCN = suprachaismatic nucleus

A

receives direct retinal innervation and function to synchronize circadian rhythms with daily light-dark cycles

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4
Q

How hypothalamus controls posterior pitutitary?

A

magnocellular neurosecretory cells extend axons down the stalk of pituitary and into posterior lobe

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5
Q

What neurohormones are released by magnocellular neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus?

A

oxytocin (love hormone), vasopression (regulates blood volume and salt concentration -> effects on kidneys)

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6
Q

What happens when there is low blood volume or pressure?

A

kidneys secrete renin into bloodstream -> renin promotes synthesis of peptide angiotensin II -> neurons in subfornical organ are excited -> this excitation stimulates hypothalamus -> there is increase in vasopressin production and feeling of thirst

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7
Q

How hypothalamus controls anterior pitutitary?

A

parvocellular neurosecretory cells secrete hormones into specialized capillary beds of hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation -> these hormones travel to anterior pituitary where they tigger or inhibit hormonal releases

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8
Q

what are hormones of anterior pituitary?

A

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone (ovulation)

LH - luteinizing hormone (ovarian/sperm maturation)

TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone (metabolism)

ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone (cortisol secretion)

GH - growth hormone (protein synthesis)

prolactin - milk secretion

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9
Q

How does stress response occur?

A

1) perviventricular hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH) into hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation

2) this realse triggers adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release from anterior pituitary

3) ACTH promotes cortisol release from adrenal cortex

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10
Q

How are cortisol levels regulated?

A

They are to some extent self-regulated because cortisol is steroid, meaning it is lipophilic and can cross blood-brain barrier. It interacts with specific receptors which can inhibit CRH release ensuring cortisol levels are not too high.

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11
Q

adrenal insufficiency

A

when there is not enough cortisol produced

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12
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

too much ACTH

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13
Q

What is automatic nervous system?

A

extensive network of interconnected neurons widely distributed throughout the body -> there is sympathetic and parasympathetic division

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14
Q

sympathetic ANS

A

fight or flight situations -> increased heart rate, blood pressure, depressed digestive functions, mobilised glucose reserves

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15
Q

parasympathetic ANS

A

rest and digest -> lower heart rate, blood pressure, digestive functions work fine

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16
Q

What are 3 neural outputs of CNS?

A

1) somatic motor
2) ANS sympathetic
3) ANS parasympathetic

17
Q

somatic motor system

A

innervates and commands skeletal muscle fibres -> cell bodies of somatic motor neurons lie within CNS in either ventral horn of spinal cord or the brain stem

18
Q

automatic ganglia

A

cell bodies of automatic lower motor neurons lying OUTSIDE CNS

19
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

neurons with cell bodies in CNS: spinal cord and brain stem

20
Q

preganglionic axons of sympathetic division

A
  • middle third of spinal cord
  • neurons lie within intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord
  • 4 F: fight, flight, fright, fuck
21
Q

preganglionic axons of parasympathetic division

A
  • emerge only from brain stem and lowest segments of spinal cord
  • travel far
  • digesiton, immune responses, energy storage
22
Q

What types of tissues innervates ANS?

A

glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles

-> secretory glans (saliva)
-> heart and blood vessels
-> bronchi in lungs
-> digestive and metabolic functions of liver, pancreas etc
-> kidney, bladder, intestines etc
-> genitals

23
Q

What is enteric division of ANS?

A

relatively independent from the brain -> component neurons lie within the walls of the digestive organs

24
Q

Who is responsible for controlling ANS?

A

mainly = hypothalamus; although nucleus of solitary tract (located in medulla) also important

25
Q

acetylcholine in preganglionic neurotransmitters

A

important for both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of ANS
-> binds to nicotinic ACh receptors which are ACh gated channels and evoke fast excitatory postsynaptic potential
-> also activate muscarininc ACh receptors what are metabotropic receptors (G-protein-coupled) that can cause both opening and closing of ion channels that lead to very slow EPSP and IPSP

26
Q

acetylcholine in postganglioninc neurotransmitters

A

parasympathetic release causes local effect; drugs promoting activation of acetylcholine ( or inhibition of norepinephrine) are parasympathomimetic because they mimick activation of parasympathetic ANS

27
Q

norepinephrine

A

important for sympathetic spread out realease; drugs promoting activation of norepinephrine (or inhibition of acetylcholine) are sympathomimetic because they mimick activation of sympathetic ANS

28
Q

what are diffuse modulatory systems of the brain?

A

sets of small groups of neurons that have widespread influence in the brain -> unlike neurotransmitters, neuromodulators have diffuse effects

29
Q

locus coeruleus

A

nucleus in pons involved in stress and panic
synthesis: norepinephrine!

30
Q

raphe nuclei

A

control of sleep-wake cycle
synthesis: serotonin

31
Q

substantia nigra

A

midbrain -> projections to caudate nucleus and putamen
synthesis: dopamine!

32
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

reward system
synthesis: dopamine!

33
Q

basal forebrain

A

unknown function -> one of the first to die in Alzheimer’s disease
synthesis: acetylcholine

34
Q

brain stem complex

A

pontomesencephalontegmental complex
synthesis: acetylcholine

35
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

mind-altering effects
act on all CNS
interfere with chemical synaptic transmission

36
Q

hallucinogens

A

chemically ressemble serotonin and act on serotonergic systems

37
Q

stimulants

A

affect dopaminergic and noradrenegic systems

Intro to neuroscience (10 decks)

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