Chemical Control (IPM) Flashcards
What % of insecticides is used for agriculture?
80%
What are some advantages to insecticides?
highly effective and acts quickly, easy to apply, and readily available
What are some disadvantages of insecticides?
application dependent on weather, repetitive applications, may harm BI, Hazardous to user, insects may develop resistance
Physical
Damage to structural part of insect.
EX) Exoskeleton - cause desiccation
Bio-chemical
Interact with critical enzymes
EX) nerve poison
MOA - mode of action
where does the chemical act to cause death
Modes of Entry
contact, stomach, fumigant
Exoskeleton (cuticle) Poisons
-oldest form of insect control
Physical: scratch cuticle, absorb wax = desiccation = dried out ex) borax
Biochemical: Disrupt cuticle formation so insects cannot molt ex) dimilin
Stomach Poisons
MUST be eaten to be toxic.
Chemical: General cells poisoned w/t heavy metals such as mercury and lead. Not legal in the US.
Biological: Bateria to fungi ex) BT toxin
Respiratory Poisons
Physical: Suffocate by clogging the tracheal system. ex) spray oils for mites, aphids
Fumigants: Poison gas enters through tracheal system. ex) methyl bromide -soil usage
Endocrine Poisons
Insect Growth Regulators
Chemicals that disrupt growth by mimicking hormones
- control fleas, flies and mosquitoes
Nerve Poisons
These kill by interrupting normal nerve transmission
Botanicals: natural chemicals from plants
ex) Pyrethrum from chrysanthemums used by organic growers
Synthetic: made by chemists, now widely used in agriculture
Organophosphates
type of nerve poison
largest group. Most are contact poisons, some stomach and fumigants. Range from very safe to very toxic for humans.
Carbamates
type of nerve poison
newer group/more biodegradable. Broad range of toxicities. Contact and stomach poisons.
Pyrethroids
type of nerve poison
similar to natural pyrethrum but stable in sunlight. Safe for mammals but V toxic for insects.
Neonicotinoids
type of nerve poison
most widely used class of modern insecticides. Similar to nicotine-stimulates the nervous system. Huge variety, highly effective against piercing and sucking pests. Concerns for pollinators, water contamination, and environmental persistence.
New classes vs Old classes of insecticides such as OP’S and CA’S
Pros: Lower use rate required for effectiveness, lower mammalian toxicity, desirable environmental profile
Cons: Narrow spectrum/target species, difficult to manufacture and more expensive
Insecticide formulations
Very few insecticides are used in its pure form.
A I= active ingredient = insecticide
Mixed w/t other materials to improve application
Dry Formulations
Dust: 1-5% AI
Granular: 1-15%, used right from bag, bait form
Wettable Powder: must be mixed w/t water, requires continuous agitation
Liquid Formulations
Emulsifiable Concentrate: most common, contains AI + emulsifier + solvent (high AI)
Solution: Dissolved in oil or water, low AI, ready to apply
Flowable: Contains AI + emulsifier + solvent, mix w/t water
Other Formulations
Impregnate: AI released slowly from plastic nets
Baits: AI mixed w/t food attractants
Shampoo: AI mixed w/t shampoo
Tank Mixes: Must read label! multiple formulas can be mixed with other pesticides.
