Chemical Control (IPM)

Question 1

What % of insecticides is used for agriculture?

Answer 1

80%

Question 2

What are some advantages to insecticides?

Answer 2

highly effective and acts quickly, easy to apply, and readily available

Question 3

What are some disadvantages of insecticides?

Answer 3

application dependent on weather, repetitive applications, may harm BI, Hazardous to user, insects may develop resistance

Question 4

Physical

Answer 4

Damage to structural part of insect.

EX) Exoskeleton - cause desiccation

Question 5

Bio-chemical

Answer 5

Interact with critical enzymes

EX) nerve poison

Question 6

MOA - mode of action

Answer 6

where does the chemical act to cause death

Question 7

Modes of Entry

Answer 7

contact, stomach, fumigant

Question 8

Exoskeleton (cuticle) Poisons

Answer 8

-oldest form of insect control
Physical: scratch cuticle, absorb wax = desiccation = dried out ex) borax
Biochemical: Disrupt cuticle formation so insects cannot molt ex) dimilin

Question 9

Stomach Poisons

Answer 9

MUST be eaten to be toxic.
Chemical: General cells poisoned w/t heavy metals such as mercury and lead. Not legal in the US.
Biological: Bateria to fungi ex) BT toxin

Question 10

Respiratory Poisons

Answer 10

Physical: Suffocate by clogging the tracheal system. ex) spray oils for mites, aphids
Fumigants: Poison gas enters through tracheal system. ex) methyl bromide -soil usage

Question 11

Endocrine Poisons

Answer 11

Insect Growth Regulators
Chemicals that disrupt growth by mimicking hormones
- control fleas, flies and mosquitoes

Question 12

Nerve Poisons

Answer 12

These kill by interrupting normal nerve transmission
Botanicals: natural chemicals from plants
ex) Pyrethrum from chrysanthemums used by organic growers
Synthetic: made by chemists, now widely used in agriculture

Question 13

Organophosphates

type of nerve poison

Answer 13

largest group. Most are contact poisons, some stomach and fumigants. Range from very safe to very toxic for humans.

Question 14

Carbamates

type of nerve poison

Answer 14

newer group/more biodegradable. Broad range of toxicities. Contact and stomach poisons.

Question 15

Pyrethroids

type of nerve poison

Answer 15

similar to natural pyrethrum but stable in sunlight. Safe for mammals but V toxic for insects.

Question 16

Neonicotinoids

type of nerve poison

Answer 16

most widely used class of modern insecticides. Similar to nicotine-stimulates the nervous system. Huge variety, highly effective against piercing and sucking pests. Concerns for pollinators, water contamination, and environmental persistence.

Question 17

New classes vs Old classes of insecticides such as OP’S and CA’S

Answer 17

Pros: Lower use rate required for effectiveness, lower mammalian toxicity, desirable environmental profile
Cons: Narrow spectrum/target species, difficult to manufacture and more expensive

Question 18

Insecticide formulations

Answer 18

Very few insecticides are used in its pure form.
A I= active ingredient = insecticide
Mixed w/t other materials to improve application

Question 19

Dry Formulations

Answer 19

Dust: 1-5% AI
Granular: 1-15%, used right from bag, bait form
Wettable Powder: must be mixed w/t water, requires continuous agitation

Question 20

Liquid Formulations

Answer 20

Emulsifiable Concentrate: most common, contains AI + emulsifier + solvent (high AI)
Solution: Dissolved in oil or water, low AI, ready to apply
Flowable: Contains AI + emulsifier + solvent, mix w/t water

Question 21

Other Formulations

Answer 21

Impregnate: AI released slowly from plastic nets
Baits: AI mixed w/t food attractants
Shampoo: AI mixed w/t shampoo
Tank Mixes: Must read label! multiple formulas can be mixed with other pesticides.