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PhBioSci > Chemical Composition Of The Cell > Flashcards

Chemical Composition Of The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical changes

A

Elements

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2
Q

Backbone of organic molecules

A

Carbon, C

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3
Q

Present in most organic molecules

A

Oxygen, O

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4
Q

Required for aerobic respirations

A

Oxygen, O

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5
Q

Present in most organic molecules

A

Hydrogen, H

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6
Q

Present in all proteins and nucleic acids; present in chlorophyll

A

Nitrogen, N

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7
Q

Present in nucleic acids and energy transfer molecules such as ATP

A

Phosphorus, P

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8
Q

Helps provide balance in cells

A

Potassium, K

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9
Q

Present in chlorophyll

A

Magnesium, Mg

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10
Q

Component of certain enzymes

A

Iron, Fe

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11
Q

Constituent of cell walls; required for some energy transfer reactions

A

Calcium, Ca

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12
Q

The smallest possible particle of an element that still retains its properties

A

Atom

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13
Q

Greek word of atom

A

Atomos, meaning “invisible”

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14
Q

Subatomic particles

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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15
Q

Subatomic particle that has a positive electric charge

A

Proton

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16
Q

Uncharged subatomic particle with about the same mass as a proton

A

Neutron

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17
Q

Subatomic particle with a negative electric charge

A

Electron

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18
Q

Mass of an electron

A

1/1800 of the mass of a proton

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19
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons and electrons

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20
Q

Atomic mass

A

Total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

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21
Q

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

A

Isotope

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22
Q

Isotopes of hydrogen

A

Protium, Deuterium, Tritium

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23
Q

The arrangement of electrons around its nucleus

A

Electron configuration

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24
Q

How many electrons can occupy the first energy level

A

Two electrons

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25
Q

Elements unite in fixed ratios to form ?

A

Compounds

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26
Q

Chemical equation of Glucose

A

C[6]H[12]O[6]

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27
Q

The attractive force that holds two or more atoms together in a compound

A

Chemical bond

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28
Q

The gain or loss of an electron

A

Ion

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29
Q

Force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic bonds

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30
Q

two atoms share
a pair of electrons to complete their outermost
energy levels

A

covalent bond

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31
Q

the smallest unit of a covalent
compound.

A

molecule

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32
Q

the sharing of a single pair of
electrons

A

single bond

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32
Q

atoms share two pairs of electrons

A

double bonds

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33
Q

electrons are unequally shared between the
bonded atoms

A

polar covalent bond

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33
Q

Covalent bonds in which the electrons are
equally shared

A

nonpolar covalent bond

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34
Q

atoms that have a stronger attraction for the
shared electrons in a covalent bond

A

oxygen and
nitrogen

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35
Q

an attraction
between a positively charged
hydrogen atom in one polar
molecule and a negatively charged
oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
polar molecule.

A

hydrogen bond

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36
Q

strongest bond

A

ionic bond

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37
Q

composed of elements other
than carbon.

A

Inorganic compound

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38
Q

an inorganic compound that is essential
in plants

A

Water

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38
Q

why is water is vital to plants and other organisms

A

carries dissolved nutrients and other important
materials to cells

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39
Q

What is water sometimes called

A

universal solvent

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39
Q

a compound that dissociates, or breaks up, in
a solution of water to form hydrogen ions (H+, or
protons) and negatively charged ions.

A

Acid

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40
Q

acids that dissociate almost completely in water.

A

Strong acid

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41
Q

acid that dissociate only slightly in water

A

weak acids

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41
Q

measures the relative concentrations of
hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution

A

pH Scale

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42
Q

A compound that dissociates in water to produce
negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH-) and positively
charged ions

A

Base

43
Q

compounds that contain carbon and usually
hydrogen.

A

Organic Compounds

44
Q

the foundations on which the
structures of plants and other organisms are built.

A

Organic Compounds

45
Q

Four groups of organic compounds are essential for all
organisms

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and Nucleic acids

46
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of ?

A

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms in an
approximate ratio of 1C:2H:1O.

47
Q

Also know as simple
sugars

A

Monosaccharide

47
Q

organic compounds that plants use as fuel
molecules, as constituents of other important
compounds such as nucleic acids, and as structural
components of cells

A

Carbohydrates

47
Q

general equation for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n,
where n refers to any number from 3 to several
thousand.

48
Q

Usually contain three to
six carbon atoms

A

Monosaccharides

48
Q

consists of two bonded
monosaccharide

A

Disaccharide

49
Q

carbohydrates composed
of many sugar units.

A

Polysaccharides

49
Q

common monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose

50
Q

Plants produce glucose by ?

A

Photosynthesis

50
Q

sugar that is
transported in the bloodstreams of humans and many
other animals.

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

50
Q

Glucose is also called as

A

blood sugar

51
Q

Fructose is also known as

A

fruit sugar

51
Q

the
carbohydrate stored in sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum) and sugar beets
(Beta vulgaris).

A

Sucrose (C12H22O11)

52
Q

Sucrose is also known as

A

common table sugar

53
Q

the most important
polysaccharides

A

Starches and cellulose

53
Q

Two molecules are joined and a molecule
of water is removed

A

condensation reaction (or dehydration
reaction)

54
Q

enormous polysaccharide molecules
composed of thousands of glucose units, are the main
storage carbohydrates in plants

A

Starches

54
Q

Examples of plants that contain abundant starch

A

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), corn (Zea mays), and
rice (Oryza sativa)

55
Q

a major component of plant cell walls

A

cellulose

56
Q

consists mainly of cellulose, is an
important part of the human diet.

A

plant fiber

56
Q

organic compounds that have a greasy or oily
consistency and do not readily dissolve in water

A

Lipids

57
Q

what are lipids composed primarily of?

A

carbon and hydrogen,
although they also contain some oxygen.

58
Q

function of lipids

A

function in all cells as fuel molecules and as
essential components of cell membranes.

59
Q

lipids as light-gathering molecules for photosynthesis

A

chlorophylls and carotenoids

59
Q

lipids as waterproof covering over plant body

A

cuticle

59
Q

Lipids include ?

A

neutral fats and oils, phospholipids,
steroids, certain pigments, and waxes.

60
Q

what are neutral fats and oils consist of ?

A

molecule of
glycerol joined to one, two, or three fatty acids

60
Q

contain the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms possible because they contain no
carbon– carbon double bonds

A

saturated fatty acids

61
Q

Lipid that is liquid at room temp

A

oil

61
Q

Lipid that is solid at room temp

A

neutral fats

61
Q

a fatty acid contains one or more carbon–carbon
double bonds

A

unsaturated fatty acids

62
Q

a progressive
disease in which the arteries
become blocked with fatty material

A

atherosclerosis

63
Q

group of lipids important as
components of cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

63
Q

phospholipid molecule consists of ?

A

glycerol
molecule attached at one end to two fatty acids and at
the other end to a phosphate group linked to an organic
compound.

63
Q

a waxy substance found in the outer walls of
epidermal cells

A

Cutin

64
Q

macromolecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur that serve as
structural components of cells and tissues.

A

Proteins

64
Q

is a waxy substance found in the walls of cork
cells (the outer bark of woody plants)

A

Suberin

65
Q

regulate biochemical processes in plants
and other organisms

A

Proteins

66
Q

Proteins are composed of hundreds of units of ?

A

amino acids

66
Q

carbon atom bonded to an
amino group (¬NH2), a carboxyl group (¬COOH), and a
side chain, designated R

A

Amino Acid

67
Q

a covalent chemical bond, which joins two amino acids by removing a water molecule (H2O) from an amino group (–NH2) of one amino acid and a carboxyl group (–COOH) of the adjacent amino acid in a polypeptide chain.

A

peptide bond

68
Q

linear sequence of amino acids.

A

Primary structure

69
Q

a regular shape, such as a spiral
helix, that is caused by rotation of the polypeptide chain

A

secondary structure

70
Q

the overall shape of the polypeptide
chain, as determined by interactions of the side chains of
amino acid

A

Tertiary structure

70
Q

two or more polypeptide chains associate to form the final protein molecule.

A

quaternary structure

70
Q

protein molecules that function as catalysts by increasing the rate at which chemical reactions occur but are not used up in the reactions.

A

Enzymes

71
Q

The material on which the enzyme works

A

Substrate

72
Q

RNA function

A

functions in the process of protein synthesis.

73
Q

the capacity or ability to do work.

A

energy

73
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of repeating units

A

nucleotides

74
Q

These instructions are encoded in genes, units of hereditary information that consist of DNA and are part of the chromosomes.

A

Nucleic acid

75
Q

energy exists in the form of:

A

heat, radiant energy from the sun, chemical energy in the chemical bonds of molecules, mechanical energy, electrical energy.

76
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although it can be transformed from
one form to another.

A

First law of thermodynamics

76
Q

When energy is
converted from one form to another, some of it is
degraded into a lower-quality, less useful form

A

Second law of thermodynamics

76
Q
A
76
Q

a measure of this disorder, or randomness

A

Entropy

76
Q

the study of the relations between heat, work, temperature, and energy

A

thermodynamics

77
Q

Energy exists as stored energy

A

potential energy

78
Q
A
79
Q
A
80
Q

the energy of motion.

A

kinetic energy

81
Q
A
81
Q
A
81
Q
A
81
Q
A
82
Q
A

PhBioSci (2 decks)

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