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BIOL 107 > Chemical Bonds & Macromolecules > Flashcards

Chemical Bonds & Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

“The solvent of life” is known as?

A

Water

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2
Q

Define polar.

A

Unequal distribution of e- across a bond

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3
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

Oxygen has high electronegativity, therefore it has a high affinity for electrons and they sit closer to oxygen

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4
Q

What kind of molecules can water associate with?

A

Other water molecules (hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole interaction) and any molecule that is charged or has a dipole

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5
Q

Why is life carbon-based?

A

a) it can bond with 4 other atoms
b) it can bond to other carbons to form chains
c) it can form C=C and triple bonds

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6
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A single building block of a macromolecule

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7
Q

What is a chain of monomers?

A

A polymer

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8
Q

What is important about polymers?

A

They promote biological diversity

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9
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

The formation of a covalent bond to extend a growing chain of monomers that requires energy and water is a product

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10
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

The breaking of covalent bonds holding polymers together that requires water as a reactant and releases energy

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11
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy storage, cell structure, and cell-cell recognition

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12
Q

What term describes monomers of CH2O?

A

Monosaccharides

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13
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A

Major energy source in the cell

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14
Q

What term describes a molecule formed by a covalent bond between two monomers of CH2O?

A

Disaccharides

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15
Q

What type of covalent bond joins together monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond

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16
Q

Describe polymers of carbohydrates.

A

Polysaccharides

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17
Q

What polysaccharide is responsible for energy storage in plants?

A

Starch

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18
Q

What glycosidic bonds does starch have? What characterizes these bonds?

A

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds and all glucose molecules point the same way

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19
Q

What polysaccharide composes the cell wall of plants?`

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

Which polysaccharide has beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds?

A

Cellulose

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21
Q

What polysaccharide is in the exoskeleton of insects and the fungi cell wall?

A

Chitin

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22
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

A nutritional polysaccharide for energy storage in animals in muscles and the liver

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23
Q

What term describes a molecule that is non-polar and aggregates away from water?

A

Hydrophobic

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24
Q

What lipid molecule is a single chain of mostly hydrogen and carbon with a COOH end?

A

Fatty acid

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25
Q

What molecule do fatty acids usually attach to?

A

Glycerol

26
Q

What reaction occurs as glycerol and fatty acids attach?

A

Esterification reaction

27
Q

What is the defining characteristic of saturated fats?

A

All C-C single bonds

28
Q

What type of fat is liquid at room temperature and has C=C that cause a kind in its chain?

A

Unsaturated fats

29
Q

What term describes the structural component of the biological membrane?

A

Phospholipid

30
Q

What term describes something that can interact with water?

A

Hydrophilic

31
Q

What two structures compose a phospholipid?

A

Two fatty acid tails and phosphate head

32
Q

What is amphipathic?

A

Has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

33
Q

Why are phospholipids amphipathic?

A

They have two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head

34
Q

What is a lipid characterized by the backbone of 4 fused HC rings?

A

Steroid

35
Q

What chemical molecule has a backbone of cholesterol?

A

Steroid

36
Q

What are the two functions of steroids in animals?

A

Hormones and the cholesterol sits in the plasma membrane to maintain fluidity and increase stiffness

37
Q

What are polymers of the monomer amino acid?

A

Proteins

38
Q

Describe the chemical organization of an amino acid (NH3+, R, COO-, etc).

A

NH3+: an amino group that is always on the left
COO-: carboxyl acid group that is always on the right
R: variable group at the top that gives different properties to the amino acid

39
Q

What are the four types of R groups in an amino acid?

A

i) non-polar C-H
ii) polar uncharged OH or SH
iii) polar charged acidic COO-
iv) polar charged basic NH3+

40
Q

How are amino acids linked in Primary Structure?

A

Covalently linked by a peptide bond

41
Q

What is Secondary Structure in protein structure?

A

Interaction between the backbones of the peptide chain

42
Q

What are the two types of Secondary Structures?

A

Alpha Helix and Beta Sheets

43
Q

What type of bonds are used in Secondary Structure proteins?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

44
Q

What is Tertiary Structure in protein structure?

A

3D patterns of folding; interactions between R groups to stabilize structure

45
Q

Name the four types of bonds in Tertiary Structure.

A

i) covalent bonds- disulphide bridges between a.a. using cysteine- polar uncharged
ii) ionic bonds- between oppositely charged a.a.- polar acidic to polar basic
iii) hydrophobic interactions- between non-polar a.a.
iv) hydrogen bonds- between polar uncharged a.a.

46
Q

What is Quaternary Structure?

A

Some proteins form multimeric complexes to form a functional protein

47
Q

What are Chaperones in protein structure?

A

Proteins that assist in folding other proteins

48
Q

Why are chaperones necessary?

A

Proper folding is essential for proper function as primary structure dictates folding but folding dictates function

49
Q

What causes diseases in protein folding?

A

Spontaneous protein denaturation
Genetic changes in primary structure
Chaperone function disorders

50
Q

Describe the process of a protein folding “changing room”

A

Unfolded protein enters folding chamber- chamber provides favourable conditions- correctly folded protein

51
Q

What is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides?

A

DNA

52
Q

Which nucleic acid polymer transmits information between cells?

A

DNA

53
Q

Describe complementary base pairing.

A

Adenine forms a double bond with thymine (uracil). Cytosine forms a triple bond with guanine. Purines always pair with pyrimidines to maintain diametre of the double helix.

54
Q

What are the purines and what are the pyrimidines?

A

Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine (uracil) and Cytosine

55
Q

Why is RNA a single-stranded helix?

A

2’OH makes helix more open and reactive so free bases can base pair with itself, other RNA or DNA

56
Q

What is a polymer of ribonucleotides?

A

RNA

57
Q

What are the three basic parts of nucleic acid structure?

A

i) phosphate (PO4-)
ii) ribose (5C sugar)
iii) nitrogenous base

58
Q

What are some tips to describe each of the pyrimidines?

A

Thymine has 3 functional groups
Uracil has 2 oxygens
Cytosine is boring
ALL single circle

59
Q

What are some tips to describe each of the purines?

A

Adenine is full of Ns
Guanine has and O functional group
ALL double circle

60
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA structurally?

A

On C2, DNA has only an H bonded (deoxy)

RNA has an OH bonded (oxy)

61
Q

What is the directionality of nucleic acids?

A

5’ to 3’

62
Q

How are nucleic acids joined covalently?

A

Phosphdiester bonds

BIOL 107 (4 decks)

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