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BIOL 107 > Bacterial & Eukaryotic Cell Structure > Flashcards

Bacterial & Eukaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Do bacteria contain membrane-bound organelles?

A

No

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2
Q

What cellular components do bacteria have?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, fimbrae, flagella, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA in a nucleoid region

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3
Q

How does compartmentalization differ between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotes have compartmentalization

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4
Q

How does a bacterial flagellum move?

A

i) rotates like a corkscrew to allow movement
ii) rotation about hook causes movement
iii) basal apparatus anchors flagellum into the cell

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5
Q

What is a polymer of flagellin?

A

A filament

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6
Q

What is the basal apparatus?

A

Anchors a bacterial flagellum onto the cell and contains a gear system that drives the hook

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7
Q

Where does energy come from to power the basal apparatus?

A

Energy for rotation comes from the H+ gradient

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8
Q

What is the difference between a Gram-positive and a Gram-negative cell?

A

Gram-positive has a thick layer of peptidoglycan whereas Gram-negative cells have a thin layer and an extra outer membrane

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9
Q

What is a Gram-positive cell?

A

A bacterial cell with a thick layer of peptidoglycan

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10
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A polymer of NAG:NAM sugars (polysaccharide)

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11
Q

What molecule links the layers of peptidoglycan together?

A

Teichoic acid

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12
Q

What molecule links peptidoglycan to the cell membrane?

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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13
Q

What molecule forms cross-bridges in peptidoglycan?

A

Peptides

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14
Q

What is a Gram-negative cell?

A

A bacterial cell with a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

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15
Q

What is the outer membrane of a Gram-negative cell composed of?

A

Inner phospholipids are regular but facing the outside, there are lipopolysaccharides that are negatively charged

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16
Q

What prevents repulsion between negatively charged lipopolysaccharides in a Gram-negative cell?

A

The association of divalent cations such as Mg2+

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17
Q

What is a substance that kills bacterial pathogens by targeting bacterial-specific structures?

A

An antibiotic

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18
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Disrupts the formation of bacterial ribosomes (protein synthesis) or bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan)

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19
Q

What are hair-like structures that allow attachment in bacterial cells?

A

Fimbrae

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20
Q

What is biofilm (slime cities)?

A

Bacterial cells secrete a mucous that surrounds the cell known as the capsule

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21
Q

What is the function of biofilm?

A

Protects the cell from dehydration and allows attachment

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22
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

The collection of organisms normally found on our body

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23
Q

How does the colonization of bacteria begin at birth?

A

Through the birth canal and feeding

24
Q

What is normal flora in our microbiome?

A

It is the “good bacteria” living on our body that produce inhibitory compounds like toxins and organic acids that prevent the growth of pathogens

25
Q

What are some functions of normal flora?

A

i) prevents the growth of pathogens
ii) required for developmental processes
iii) provides vitamins and nutrients
iv) helps train immune system to distinguish harmful vs friendly

26
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

Exposure to microbes help maintain a healthy immune system

27
Q

What was the reason why adaptation was necessary 2.4 billion years ago?

A

O2 was accumulating in the atmosphere and it is toxic to all cells

28
Q

Where did organelles come from?

A

The endomembrane system and the endosymbiotic organelles

29
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

Infoldings that fused to create internal membranes (outer nuclear membrane, ER, Golgi, and lysosome)

30
Q

What are endosymbiotic organelles?

A

The mitochondria and chloroplast which arose from a primitive prokaryote living inside a primitive eukaryote (archean relative)

31
Q

What is the endosymbiont hypothesis?

A

The mitochondria have very efficient metabolism and the archeal cell had space and protection from O2. In eukaryotic cells, mt and cp have prokaryote-like ribosomes and gene organization

32
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A

To store DNA and it is the site of gene expression

33
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Double membrane-bound sphere and the outer membrane is continuous with the ER

34
Q

What are the nuclear pore complexes?

A

Transmembrane complexes that span both bilayers of the nucleus which allow non-selective transport

35
Q

Where is the site of ribosomal assembly?

A

Nucleolus

36
Q

How are ribosomes formed in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomal subunits independently enter NPCs and the subunits form complexes with rRNA at the nucleolus and leave together for translation

37
Q

What is the function fo the nuclear envelope?

A

To separate the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm (2 layers)

38
Q

What lines the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope and provides structural protection?

A

Nuclear lamina

39
Q

What is chromatin packaging?

A

Packages and protects DNA

40
Q

What are the four orders of chromatin packaging?

A

i) nucleosome: DNA wraps around a histone octomer
ii) solenoid/30 nm fibre: nucleosomes stack with help of Histone H1
iii) looped domains: 30 nm fibre loops off a non-histone protein scaffold
iv) mitotic chromosome: fully condensed chromosome

41
Q

What is a histone octomer?

A

Contains 2 of each: H2A, H2B, H3, H4 positively charged proteins

42
Q

What is the difference between the rough and smooth ER?

A

Rough has ribosomes and smooth does not involve any protein synthesis at all

43
Q

What are bound ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes that make proteins for exports or endomembrane system

44
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes that make proteins for cytoplasm or nucleoplasm

45
Q

What are the functions of the SER?

A

i) ion storage (Ca2+)
ii) phospholipid synthesis
iii) steroid synthesis
iv) detoxification of drugs and alcohol

46
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi?

A

A set of flattened membrane-bound compartments called cisternae

47
Q

What is the function of the Golgi?

A

i) receives cargo from the ER
ii) sorts cargo according to destinations (lysosome, membrane, or back to ER)
iii) packages cargo into vesicles

48
Q

What are the two models of Golgi Trafficking?

A

Vesicle Trafficking and Cisternae Maturation

49
Q

What is vesicle trafficking in the Golgi?

A

Small vesicles are associated with the Golgi and they carry cargo between cisternae

50
Q

What is cisternae maturation in the Golgi?

A

The fusion of vesicles from the ER form cis-cisternae and they go down the Golgi never leaving their cisternae as the bottom ones vesiculate

51
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Involved in the digestion of macromolecules from endocytosis

52
Q

What does the lysosome contain?

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes that function best at pH 5.0

53
Q

How does the lysosome maintain its pH?

A

It actively pumps in H+ to maintain low pH

54
Q

What is the term for cell suicide?

A

Autophagy

55
Q

How can a cell commit suicide?

A

By rupturing its lysosomes

BIOL 107 (4 decks)

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