Chemical Bonding and Structure

Question 1

What does OIL RIG mean?

Answer 1

Oxidization is lost (of e), reduction is gain (of e).

Question 2

Define Ionic Bonding

Answer 2

Bonding between ions and negative and positive forces. Usually a metal and non-metal or polyatomic to form a lattice structure.

Question 3

What are other ionic properties?

Answer 3

• Conduct electricity when:
  1. dissolved in water
  2. in molten or liquid state
  -most are soluble in water

Question 4

Define covalent bonding.

Answer 4

Between to nonmetals by sharing valence electrons and forms molecules.

Question 5

What are the different bond strengths and lengths?

Answer 5

Single: weakest, longest
Double: in between
Triple: strongest, shortest

Question 6

Define electronegativity.

Answer 6

The tendency of an electron to attract a pair of shared electrons towards itself. Xp notation

Question 7

Pauling Scale

Answer 7

1.8-3.3 -> ionic
1.8-0.4 -> polar covalent
0.4-0 -> non-polar covalent (same elements O2)

Question 8

Key points of the VESPR theory

Answer 8

1. Repulsion applies to bd and lp
2. double and triple bonds are one e domain
3. number of e domains determines arrangement
4. shape is based on angles
5. lp have a higher charge density than bd

Question 9

2 electron domains (2 bd)

Answer 9

linear arrangement and shape. 180 degree angles

Question 10

3 electron domains (3 bd)

Answer 10

Trigonal planar arrangement and shape. 120 degree angles

Question 11

3 electron domains (2 bd, 1 lp)

Answer 11

Trigonal planar arrangement. Bent shape. Angles slightly less than 120 degrees.

Question 12

4 electron domains (4 bd)

Answer 12

Arrangement and shape are tetrahedral. Angles are 109.5 degrees.

Question 13

4 electron domains (3bd, 1 lp)

Answer 13

Arrangement is tetrahedral. Shape is trigonal pyramidal. Angles are slightly less than 109.5.

Question 14

4 electron domains (2bd, 2lp)

Answer 14

Arrangement is tetrahedral. Shape is bent. Angles are slightly less than 109.5.

Question 15

5 electron domains (5bd)

Answer 15

Arrangement and shape is trigonal bipyramidal. 3x 90 degree angles, 1x 120 degree angle.

Question 16

5 electron domains (4 bd, 1 lp)

Answer 16

Arrangement is trigonal bipyramidal. Shape is see saw. Angles are slightly less than 120 and 90.

Question 17

5 electron domains (3 bd, 2 lp)

Answer 17

Arrangement is trigonal bipyramidal. Shape is T shaped. Angles are slightly less than 90.

Question 18

5 electron domains (2 bd, 3 lp)

Answer 18

Arrangement is trigonal bipyramidal. Shape is linear. Angles are 180 degrees.

Question 19

6 electron domains (6 bd)

Answer 19

Shape and arrangement are octahedral. Angles are 90 degrees.

Question 20

6 electron domains (5 bd, 1 lp)

Answer 20

The arrangement is octahedral. Shape is square pyramidal. Angles are slightly less than 90.

Question 21

6 electron domains (4 bd, 2, lp)

Answer 21

Arrangement is octahedral. Shape is square planar. Angles are 90 degrees.

Question 22

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 22

Same molecular formulas, different atomic arrangements.

Question 23

What type of VESPR structure has sp hybridization?

Answer 23

2 electron domains, linear

Question 24

What type of VESPR structure has sp2 hybridization?

Answer 24

3 electron domains, trigonal planar

Question 25

What is a covalent network solid?

Answer 25

Atoms with covalent bonds in a 3D lattice.

Question 26

What are some allotropes of Carbon?

Answer 26

Graphite - trigonal planar, delocalized e
Diamond - tetrahedral, localized e
Graphene - 2D planar sheet, ‘new silicone’
C60 Fullerene - C condensed in an atmosphere of an inert gas, not a covalent network solid
Silicon Dioxide (Quartz) - Siliica as sand, quartz when crystalline, tetrahedral bent

Question 27

Resonance structures

Answer 27

occur when there are multiple locations for a double bond. ex. benzene

Question 28

Polar Bond

Answer 28

Shared pair with an e negativity of less than or equal to 1.8 , depends on:
1. polarity of bonds
2. shape

Question 29

Intermolecular forces

Answer 29

forces between molecules, largely seen in how they affect physical changes. referred to as Vander Waals forces
Vander waals = london + dipole-dipole + induced dipole

Question 30

London force

Answer 30

in all molecules. instantaneous induced dipole - induced dipole force

Question 31

Induced force

Answer 31

temporary shift in the e cloud in such a way that a temporary dipole is created.

Question 32

Polarizability

Answer 32

extent to which the e cloud can be distorted. 3 factors affecting size of London force:
1. number of e in cloud
2. size of cloud
3. shape

Question 33

Dipole - dipole force

Answer 33

larger charge separation than london forces, greater attraction.

Question 34

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 34

intermolecular force, electrostatic attraction between the proton of the H atom and the lp of another. The strongest force.

Question 35

Sigma and pi bonds

Answer 35

Sigma - single bonds, overlap along bond axis
Pi - double and triple bonds, occurs between p-orbitals, overlap is parallel to bond axis, will result in 2 pi bonds.

Question 36

How many sigma and pi bonds in double and triple bonds?

Answer 36

Double, 1pi 1 sigma
Triple, 2 pi 1 sigma

Question 37

How to determine boiling point by looking at a molecule?

Answer 37

Look at the attraction of h bonds

Question 38

How to determine polarity by molecular structure?

Answer 38

Non-polar = symmetrical
Polar = non-symmetrical

Question 39

Between h, van Der waals, and covalent bonds, which will break first?

Answer 39

H and van Der waals, as they are inter molecular not intra