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Chemistry (Tim) > Chemical Bonding > Flashcards

Chemical Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

How do atoms get the same number of electrons as the noble gases

A

Gain, lose or share electrons

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2
Q

The octet rule

A

When atoms bond, they lose,share or gain electrons so that they have eight electrons in their outer shell

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3
Q

What’s different about elements near the noble gas helium?

A

Do not obey octet rule, seek 2 electrons on outer shell eg.hydrogen or lithium

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4
Q

Ammonium ion

A

NH4+

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5
Q

Carbonate ion

A

CO3 ^-2

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6
Q

Hydrogen carbonate

A

HCO3-

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7
Q

Chromate

A

CrO4-

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8
Q

Dichromate ion

A

Cr2 O7 -2

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9
Q

Cyanide ion

A

CN -

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10
Q

Thiosulphate

A

S2 O3 -2

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11
Q

Hydroxide ion

A

OH-

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12
Q

Manganate

A

MnO4-

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13
Q

Nitrate

A

NO3-

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14
Q

Nitrite

A

NO2-

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15
Q

Phosphate

A

PO4-3

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16
Q

Sulphate

A

SO4 -2

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17
Q

Sulphite

A

SO3 -2

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18
Q

Ite has…

A

Less oxygen than ate

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19
Q

Ide…

A

Has no oxygen except OH-

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20
Q

What’s the formula for NO3

A

Mg(No3)2

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21
Q

Derive the formula for Aluminium sulphate

A

Al2(SO4)3

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22
Q

Why is the octet rule not perfect

A

Many exceptions

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23
Q

2 types of bonding

A

Ironic and covalent

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24
Q

Ironic bond

A

The attraction between positively charged and negatively charged ions after these ions wer formed by their low or gain of electrons

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25
Q

Whee on the PTE do ionic bomds usually form and why

A

Usually in groups 1,2,6 and 7

Because these are elements which lose or gain electrons easily

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26
Q

Why do ionic compounds arrange themselves into?

A

Into regular rigid crystalline lattices

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27
Q

What is the simplest crystalline lattice?

A

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

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28
Q

Electronegativity difference of an ionic compound

A

Greater than 1.7

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29
Q

Show the electronic structure of magnesium fluoride and then give its structure

A

Ionic

MgF2

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30
Q

Covalent bonding

A

A bond which is formed by the sharing of electrons to obey the octet rule

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31
Q

Electronegativity difference of covalent bond

A

1.7 or less

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32
Q

Generally, compounds containing non-metals only…

A

Take part in covalent bomd8;g

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33
Q

Show the electronic structure of the simplest compound between phosphorus and chlorine and give it’s formula

A

Covalent

PCl3

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34
Q

Show the electronic structure and give the formula of the simplest compound between nitrogen and hydrogen

A

Covalent

NH3

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35
Q

Show the electronic structure and give the formula of the simplest molecule of 2 chlorine atoms

A

Covalent

Cl2

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36
Q

Show the electronic structure and give the formula of 2 oxygen atoms

A

O2

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37
Q

Show the electronic structure and give the formula of 2 nitrogen atoms

A

N2

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38
Q

Valency

A

The number or bond that an atom of an element forms when it reacts

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39
Q

Valency of 1,2,3,4

A

1,2,3,4

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40
Q

Valency of 5,6,7,8

A

8-group Number

3,2,1,0

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41
Q

Rule used to find the valencies of compound

A

The totals of the valencies of each element in the formula must be equal
Must be written in simplest ratio

42
Q

Find the formula of calcium oxide using valencies

A

Ratio of 1:1

CaO

43
Q

Find the formula for the compound between germanium and hydrogen using valencies

A

Ratio 1:4

GeH4

44
Q

The valency of a complex ion is…

A

The charge of the complex ion

45
Q

Use valencies to write the formula for calcium nitrate

A

Ratio 2:1

Ca(NO3-)2

46
Q

Transition elements, referring to valencies

A

Can have a number of valencies (variable valencies)

47
Q

How do we know the valency of the transition metal in a question

A

Given by Roman numbers eg. Cu (II)

48
Q

Use valencies to form the formula of manganese (IV) oxide

A

Ratio 2:1

MnO2

49
Q

4 properties of ionic compounds

A
  • Usually hard and brittle solids
  • High m.p and b.p
  • Majority are soluble in water with ions moving apart (disassociation)
  • Conduct electricity in molten state or aqueous solution (ions are free to move and carry charges with them
50
Q

4 properties of covalent compounds

A

Usually gases, liquids or soft solids
Low m.p and b.p
Most are insoluble in water
Don’t conduct electricity (no ions present to carry charge)

51
Q

Non polar covalent bond

A

Where pairs of electrons are shared equally between the atoms in a bond

52
Q

Example of non polar covalent compound

A

O2

53
Q

Polar covalent compound

A

Pairs of electrons are not shared equally between atoms in a bond

54
Q

Example of polar covalent bond

A

HCl

55
Q

In HCl, a polar covalent bond, the pairs of electrons are pulled closer to Cl than H, giving Cl a…

A

Partial negative charge

56
Q

In HCl, a polar covalent bond, the pairs of electrons are pulled closer to Cl than H, giving H a…

A

Partial positive charge

57
Q

Polar covalent bonds are due to…

A

Differences in electronegativity between the elements

58
Q

In the PTE, across a period, electronegativity

A

Increases

59
Q

In the PTE down a group, the electronegativity

A

Decreases

60
Q

Why does the electronegativity increase across the PTE

A

Increasing nuclear charge makes it easier to attract a pair

Decreasing atomic radius, electrons nearer the nucleus

61
Q

Why does electronegativity decrease down the PTE

A

Extra levels of electrons=more screening
Increase in atomic radius
(Increasing nuclear charge cancelled out by^^)

62
Q

EN difference greater than 1.7

A

Ionic

63
Q

EN difference between 1.7 and 0.4

A

Polar covalent

64
Q

EN difference less than 0.r

A

Non-polar covalent

65
Q

Dipole moment

A

The ability of a molecule to turn in an electric field

66
Q

When can molecules with polar covalent bonds make up a non polar covalent molecule

A

When the centres of positive and negative charge coincide

67
Q

Why can molecules with polar covalent bonds make up a non polar covalent molecule when their centres of + and - charge coincide?

A 
Charges cancel each other out
No overall charge
No dipole movement 
Will not turn in an electric field
Not a polar covalent molecule 
NON-POLAR COVALENT
68
Q

Simple test to determine if a liquid is polar or non-polar

A

Note the effect of a charged plastic rod on a stream of liquid falling from a burette, if the liquid deflects, then it consists of polar molecules

69
Q

Why would falling water be deflected towards a positively charged plastic rod

A

Water molecules are polar covalent and their partial negative charges cause them to be deflected towards positively charged rod

70
Q

What happens with the water if a positive plastic rod is switched with a negatively charged plastic rod

A

Water molecules rearrange themselves so that the partial positive charges are deflected towards the negative rod.
Water is still deflected towards it,

71
Q

At the level of atomic orbitals, what does a covalent bond consists of?

A

2 half full atomic orbitals

72
Q

2 half full atomic orbitals overlapping into each other forms a

A

Molecular orbitals containing 2 shared electrons

73
Q

Sigma bond

A

Head on overlapping

74
Q

Double covalent bonds consist of

A

1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond

75
Q

Pi bonds

A

Overlap sideways

76
Q

Which bond is stronger sigma or pi and why

A

Sigma because there is more overlapping

77
Q

Why in a double bond isn’t there 2 sigma bonds

A

Orbitals at 90°, a second sigma bond would break the first one

78
Q

A triple covalent bonds is made up of

A

1 sigma bond

2 pi bonds

79
Q

Why is a O=O bone not twice as strong as a O-O bond?

A

Because sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds and the second bond in that molecule is a pi bond

80
Q

Recrystallization

A

Technique used to purify certain crystalline substances

81
Q

Melting point determination

A

Used to find out how pure a substance is

82
Q

Certain substances are more soluble …

A

In hot solvent than cold solvent

83
Q

Benzodiazepines acid crystals are very soluble in

A

Hoy water but only slightly soluble in cold water

84
Q

Why is it important to use minimal water in purifying benzoic acid experiment

A

Saturated solution needed

Too much water, crystallization won’t occur

85
Q

Why do u have to do the benxoic acid crystal experiment quickly

A

To prevent recrystallization occurring on the filter paper when filtering charcoal

86
Q

Impurity’s consist of both..

A

Soluble and insoluble ones

87
Q

What speeds up recrystalisation

A

Scraping the inside of the flask with a glass rod

88
Q

Air suction device in second filtration

A

Büchner funnel

89
Q

Why is a Büchner funnel used

A

To speed up process

90
Q

Why would you wash last bit of benzoic acid crystals before taking them out of filter paper?

A

Still damp, that water could be contaminated with NaCl

91
Q

Covalent bonds soluble

A

Only in hot water

92
Q

Ionic bonds soluble in

A

Any water

93
Q

Benzoic acid type of bond

A

Covalent

94
Q

What do benzoic acid crystals look like?

A

White crystals

95
Q

What is benzoic acid used for

A

Food preservative

96
Q

Melting point of benzoic acid

A

122°C

97
Q

Melting point determination

A

Determines how pure a substance is

98
Q

How would you gather a sample of benzoic acid crystals in a capillary tube?

A

Gently push and rotate the open end of the tube into the crystals and take out, tap with fingernail to get the to the bottom
Repeat until 1cm of crystals in tube

99
Q

Impure if 2

A

Melt over large range eg 6°

Melt at a lower melting point to the crystals average

100
Q

2 uses for melting point determination

A

Check purity

Identify a substance

Chemistry (Tim) (8 decks)

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