Chemical Bonding

Question 1

Polar

Answer 1

Covalent bond with uneven distribution of charge

Question 2

Ionic Bond

Answer 2

Result of the electron attraction between cations and anions; electrons transfer

Question 3

Ionic character (%)

Answer 3

Determined by electronegativity values

• greater than 50%=ionic
• 5-50%=polar covalent
• below 5%=non-polar covalent

Question 4

Determining % Ionic Character

Answer 4

A-B=[(E1-E2)/E1]x100

A=more electronegative element

OR ionic=1.7-3.3 difference
polar covalent=0.3-1.7
non-polar covalent= 0.0-0.3

Question 5

Molecule

Answer 5

Neutral group of atoms linked by covalent bonds

Question 6

Diatomic Molecule

Answer 6

Molecule made up of two atoms

Question 7

Non-Noble Gases

Answer 7

Occur as covalent diatoms (H2, N2, O2, F2, & Cl2, as well as Br2 and I2

Question 8

Molecular Compound

Answer 8

Simplest units are molecules

Question 9

Octet Rule

Answer 9

Formation of compounds occurs so that each atom ends up with an octet of electrons in its highest energy level

Question 10

Bond Length

Answer 10

Average distance between two bonded atoms; occurs at the minimum potential energy

Question 11

Kernel

Answer 11

Nucleus and full levels not involved in bonding (everything but valence)

Question 12

Bond Energy

Answer 12

Energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral, isolated atoms

Question 13

Polyatomic Ions

Answer 13

Group of covalently bonded atoms that remains charged

Question 14

VSEPR Theory

Answer 14

(Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Repulsion between the sets of valence electrons surrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far apart as possible

Question 15

Shape

Answer 15

Refers to position of atoms in the molecule

Question 16

Hybridization

Answer 16

Mixing of two or more atomic orbitals of similar energies on the same atom to make a new orbital of equal energy

Question 17

Intermolecular Forces

Answer 17

Forces of attraction between molecules

Question 18

Dipole

Answer 18

Molecular condition where equal but opposite charges are separated by short distance

Question 19

Dipole Forces

Answer 19

Force of attraction between polar molecules

Question 20

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 20

Force of attraction by hydrogen atom, that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom, toward unshared electrons of a similar nearby molecule

Question 21

London Dispersion Forces

Answer 21

Attractions resulting from the constant motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles

Question 22

Formula Unit

Answer 22

Simplest collection of atoms from which the ionic formula can be established

Question 23

Empirical Formula

Answer 23

Any chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio between atoms in a compound

Question 24

Crystal Lattice

Answer 24

Orderly arrangement of ions in an ionic compound that creates a 3D structure

Question 25

Lattice Energy

Answer 25

Energy released when one mole of an ionic crystal is formed from gaseous ions. Negative values in kJ/mol indicates energy is released when crystals form.

Question 26

Metal

Answer 26

Mobile electrons form a sea that hold the metal together, accounts for conductivity, malleability, and ductility. Bond strength is measured by enthalpy of vaporization in kJ/mol; more heat absorbed to vaporize means that a stronger metallic bond exists.

Question 27

AB2

Answer 27

Linear, like CO2

Question 28

AB2E2

Answer 28

Bent, like H2O

Question 29

AB3E

Answer 29

Trigonal pyramid, like ammonia

Question 30

ABE System

Answer 30

Determines molecular geometry