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chemical bonding Flashcards

1
Q

what is a compound

A

a substance made from two or more elements combined chemically

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2
Q

state the octet law

A

when bonding occurs atoms tend to reach an electron arrangement with 8 electrons on the outermost energy level

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3
Q

what is valency

A

the number of electrons an elements atom needs to lose share or gain to become stable

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4
Q

what is a molecule

A

a group of atoms joined together by chemical bonds

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5
Q

what is a chemical bond

A

the force of attraction holding atoms or ions together in a compound.

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6
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.The complete transfer of an electron from one atom to another

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7
Q

what is a molecular formula

A

it gives the total number of atoms in a molecule

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8
Q

what ending does a compound with 2 elements have

A

ide

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9
Q

what ending does a compound with oxygen and 2 other elements have

A

ate

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10
Q

what is the table used for chemical formulas

A

element
bond type
valency
common denominator
formula
name

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11
Q

list the diatomic molecules

A

h2
o2
n2
f2
cl2
br2
i2

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12
Q

what is the formula for hydro carbonate

A

HCO3 -

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13
Q

what is the formula for nitrate

A

NO3 -

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14
Q

what is the formula for phosphate

A

PO4 -3

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15
Q

what is the formula for theosulphate

A

S2O2 -2

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16
Q

what is the formula for sulphite

A

SO3 -2

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17
Q

What is the formula for nitrite

A

NO2 -

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18
Q

What is the formula for ammonium

A

NH4 +

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19
Q

what is the formula for carbonate

A

CO3 -2

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20
Q

What is the formula for sulphate

A

SO4 -2

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21
Q

What is the formula for hydroxide

A

OH -

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22
Q

what are the variable transition metal valencies

A

fe +2 +3
cu +1 +2
cr +3 +6
mn +2 +4 +7

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23
Q

what are the exceptions for the variable transition metal valencies

A

zinc +2
scandium +3

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24
Q

what are transition metals

A

metals that form at least one ion with a partially filled d sublevel

25
what is a d block element
an elementt whose highest energy electron occupies a d sublevel
26
what are the characteristics of the transition metals
act as catalysts form coloured compounds have partially filled d sublevel
27
why are scandium and zinc not transition metals
they dont act as catalysts form white compounds zinc has a full d sublevel and scandium has an empty d sublevel
28
what is a covalent bond
a shared pair of electrons
29
what does a covalent bond form between
a non metal and a non metal ior a non metal and a hydrogen
30
what is a single bond
two atoms and 1 pair of electrons
31
what is a double bond
two atoms and 2 pairs of electrons
32
what is a triple bond
two atoms and 3 pairs of electrons
33
what is a sigma bond
a bond formed from head on overlap of orbitals
34
what is a pi bond
a bond formed from the sideways overlap of orbitals
35
what kind of bond are all single bonds
sigma bonds
36
list the differences between covalent and ionic compounds
ionic is hard and brittle and covalent is soft ionic can conduct electricity in molten state or when dissolved in water and covalent cant ionic contains ions in the lattice covalent contains individual molecules ionic has a high m/p and b/p and covalent has a low one ionic is usually solid at room temp and covalent is usually liquid, gas or soft solid
37
what assumption is the vsepr theory based off
that electron pairs minimise repulsion by moving as far away from eachother in space
38
what is a lone pair
a pair of electrons not involved in bonding
39
what is a bond pair
a pair of electrons involved in bonding
40
what does this theory state the shape of a covalent molecule depends on
the number of electron pairs around the central atom
41
electron pairs for linear bonds
2 electron pairs,2 bond,no lone,180' 4 eletron pairs,1 bond,3 lone,180'
42
electron pairs for trigonal planar
3 electron pairs,3 bond,no lone,120'
43
electron pairs for tetrahedral
4 electron pairs,4 bond,no lone,109.5'
44
electron pairs for pyramidal
4 electron pairs,3 bond,1 lone,107'
45
electron pairs for v shape
4 electron pairs,2 bond,2 lone,104.5'
46
what is electronegativity
measure of the pulling power an atom has for a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond
47
what is a dipole
splitting of charge over a distance
48
what are vanderwaals forces
weak attractive forces between molecules resulting from the formation of temporary dipoles
49
how does a vanderwaals force occur
in any one moment in time the electron density in a molecule shifts to be closer to one of the atoms.This is a temporary dipole.This dipole causes an induced dipole in the neighbouring molecule causing a weak force of attraction between the two known as a vanderwaals force.In another instant in time the density shifts back to normal and a temporary and induced dipole occurs in another pair of molecules.A network of flickering dipoles exists between the molecules. leading to an overall cohesive force between the pure covalent molecules known as a vanderwaals force.
50
what are the trends in vanderwaals forces
the bigger the molecule the stronger the vanderwaals force and the higher the boiling point for the noble gases the boiling points increase in order of increasing atomic number because the bigger the atom the stronger the vanderwaals force the more carbons inside the molecule the stronger the vanderwaals force because the bigger the molecule the bigger the force resulting in a higher boiling point.
51
what is a dipole dipole force
a force of attraction between the negative pole of one polar molecule and the positive pole of another polar molecule
52
how do dipole dipole forces occur
they arise due to polar bonds in polar molecules from the electronegativity difference between the two atoms
53
what are hydrogen bonds
particular dipole dipole attraction between molecules in which hydrogen atoms are bonded to nitrogen oxygen or fluorine
54
why is the b/p of H2O bigger than that of HF
there are twice as many bonds in the H2O molecule so the b/p will be bigger
55
What does an element need to be in order to be a hydrogen bond
small highly electronegative and have a lone pair of electrons
56
how is a hydrogen bond formed
a hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bonded to either N,F or O forms a bond with the lone pair of either N,O or F in another molecule
57
What is a dative bond
a covalent bond in which both the electrons are provided by one atom
58

chemistry (14 decks)

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