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ANAPHY > CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE > Flashcards

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

scientific discipline concerned with the atomic composition and structure of substances and the reaction they undergo.

A

CHEMISTRY

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2
Q

• anything that occupies space and has mass (solid, liquid, or gas)

A

Matter

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3
Q

• amount of matter in an object

A

Mass

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4
Q

• gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

A

Weight

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5
Q

• simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties

A

Element

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6
Q

smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element

A

Atom

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7
Q
  1. Atoms consist of ______, ________, and _________.
A

neutrons (uncharged), positively charged protons, and negatively charged electrons.

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8
Q

atom is electrically ______ because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

A

neutral

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9
Q
  1. Protons and neutrons are in the ______, and electrons can be represented by an electron cloud around the nucleus.
A

nucleus

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10
Q
  • number of protons in each atom of an element

* also, the number of electrons

A

ATOMIC NUMBER

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11
Q

• number of protons and neutrons in each atom

A

MASS NUMBER

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12
Q

• occurs when outermost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms

A

CHEMICAL BONDS

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13
Q

• are electrically charged particles formed when atoms loss or gain electrons

A

Ions

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14
Q

• results when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic bonding

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15
Q
  • Formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

* Resulting combination of atoms is called molecule

A

Covalent Bonding

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16
Q

• Sharing of one pair of electrons by two atoms

A

Single covalent bond

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17
Q

• Sharing of two pairs of electrons by two atoms

A

Double covalent bond

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18
Q
  • Unequal, asymmetrical sharing of electrons between two atoms
  • Molecules with asymmetrical electrical charge
A

Polar covalent bond

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19
Q
  • Equal sharing of electrons between two atoms

* Molecules with a symmetrical electrical charge

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

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20
Q
  • Polar molecules have a positive end and a negative end
  • forms when positive end of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to negative end of another polar molecule
  • The attraction between molecules is much weaker than in ionic or covalent bonds
A

HYDROGEN BONDS

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21
Q

• formed when 2 or more atoms chemically combine

A

Molecule

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22
Q

• a substance resulting from the chemical combination of 2 or more different types of atoms

A

Compound

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23
Q

• the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules.

A

Dissociation

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24
Q

dissociated ions are sometimes called _____

A

electrolytes.

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25
Q

classification of chemical reaction which • two or more reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product

A

Synthesis reactions

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26
Q

• reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products

A

Decomposition reactions

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27
Q

• combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction

A

Exchange reactions

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28
Q
  • in decomposition, reactants are ______.

* in synthesis, the products of the decomposition reaction are _______

A

broken down

combined

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29
Q

• a chemical reaction that can proceed from reactants to products and from products to reactants

A

Reversible reactions

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30
Q

• the capacity to do work

A

ENERGY

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31
Q

stored energy that could do work but is not doing so

A

Potential energy

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32
Q

does work by causing the movement of an object

A

Kinetic energy

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33
Q

• a form of potential energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules).

A

Chemical energy

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34
Q

ATP stands for ______

A

• adenosine triphosphate

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35
Q

• often called the energy currency of cells because it is capable of both storing and providing energy

A

ATP

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36
Q

The rate of a chemical reaction increases when

A
  1. the concentration of the reactants increases
  2. the temperature increases
  3. catalyst is present
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37
Q

• A _______ increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered permanently

A

catalyst (enzyme)

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38
Q
  • a proton (hydrogen ion) donor

* any substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water

A

Acid

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39
Q

• a proton acceptor

A

Base

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40
Q
  • has equal number of H+ and OH-

* pH of 7

A

Neutral solution

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41
Q
  • has a greater concentration of H+ than of OH-

* pH less than 7

A

Acidic solution

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42
Q
  • has fewer H+ than OH-

* pH greater than 7.0

A

Basic solution

43
Q

• the normal pH range for human blood

A

7.35 to 7.45

44
Q
  • blood pH drops below 7.35

* nervous system is depressed, the individual becomes disoriented and possibly comatose

A

Acidosis

45
Q
  • blood pH rises above 7.45

* nervous system becomes over excitable, individual can be extremely nervous, or have convulsions

A

Alkalosis

46
Q

• forms when an acid reacts with a base

A

Salts

47
Q

• chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added

A

Buffers

48
Q

• those that do not contain carbon but include such carbon-containing substances as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).

A

Inorganic molecules

49
Q

• contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds

A

Organic molecules

50
Q

• small, nonpolar, inorganic molecule consisting of 2 oxygen atoms bound together by a double covalent bond.

A

Oxygen (O2)

51
Q

• consists of one carbon atom bound to 2 oxygen atoms

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

52
Q

• an inorganic molecule that consists of one atom of oxygen joined by polar covalent bonds to two atoms of hydrogen.

A

Water (H2O)

53
Q

states the 4 function of water h20

A
  • Stabilizing body temperature
  • Providing protection
  • Facilitating chemical reactions
  • Transporting substances
54
Q
  • Provide the body with energy
  • Contain C, H, O atoms
  • For each carbon atom, there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
A
  1. CARBOHYDRATES
55
Q

states the 4 function of carbohydrates

A
  • Short-term energy storage
  • Converted to glucose quickly
  • Glucose is used to make ATP (energy)
  • Brain cells require glucose
56
Q

• the building blocks of carbohydrates that form more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides

57
Q

• 2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

A

disaccharides

58
Q

• many monosaccharides bound in long chains

A

Polysaccharides

59
Q

Substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but not in polar solvents, such as water.

A
  1. LIPIDS
60
Q

states the 4 function of LIPIDS

A
  • Long term energy storage
  • Insulates against heat loss
  • Protective cushion for organs
  • Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane structure
61
Q

• important energy-storage molecules; they also pad and insulate the body.

A

FATS

62
Q

building blocks of fats

A

glycerol and fatty acids.

63
Q

3-carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group (—OH) attached to each carbon atom, and fatty acids consist of a carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached at one end.

A

• Glycerol

64
Q

the most common type of fat molecules. These have three fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule.

A

• Triglycerides

65
Q

it contains only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms.
bad fats

A

• Saturated

66
Q

it has one or more double covalent bonds.
has one or more double covalent bonds. They are the best type of fats in the diet
good fats

A

• Unsaturated

67
Q

a saturated fatty acid; it contains no double bonds between the carbons.

A

A. Palmitic acid

68
Q

an unsaturated fatty acid; note the three double bonds between the carbons, which cause the molecule to have a bent shape.

A

Linolenic acid

69
Q

fats, such as olive and peanut oils, have one double covalent bond between carbon atoms.

A

• Monounsaturated fats

70
Q

fats, such as safflower, sunflower, corn, and fish oils, have two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

A

• Polyunsaturated fats

71
Q

unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered by the addition of H atoms. The process makes the fats more saturated and hence more solid and stable (longer shelf-life).

A

• Trans fats

72
Q

• similar to triglycerides, except that one of the fatty acids bound to the glycerol is replaced by a molecule containing phosphorus.

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

73
Q

• A phospholipid is _____ at the end of the molecule to which the phosphate is bound and ____ at the other end.

A

polar

nonpolar

74
Q

• The _______ of the molecule is attracted to water and is said to be _________. The _______ is repelled by water and is said to be _________

A

polar end, hydrophilic (water-loving)

nonpolar end, hydrophobic (water-fearing)

75
Q

• a group of important chemicals derived from fatty acids.

A

EICOSANOIDS

76
Q

made in most cells and are important regulatory molecules. Among their numerous effects is their role in the response of tissues to injuries.

A

• Eicosanoids

77
Q

• composed of carbon atoms bound together into four ringlike structures.

A

Steroids

78
Q

contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and most have some sulfur.

A
  1. PROTEINS
79
Q

• The building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

80
Q

• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are organic acids containing an _______ and a ________

A

amine group (–NH2) and a carboxyl group.

81
Q

There are ___ basic types of amino acids. Humans can synthesize 12 of them from simple organic molecules, but the remaining ___ so-called essential amino acids must be obtained in the diet.

A

20

8

82
Q

alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress

A

Denaturation

83
Q

state the function of protein

A
  • Used to make skin, hair, nails, muscles
  • For transport (e.g. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood)
  • Act as enzymes
  • Immune system functions
  • Muscle contractions (actin and myosin)
  • Part of cell membrane
84
Q

• Composed of C, H, O, N, P

A
  1. NUCLEIC ACID
85
Q

building blocks of nucleic acid

A

• Nucleotides

86
Q

carries genetic material

A

DNA

87
Q

• DNA nucleotides contain the _________ and the organic bases _____, ______, _______, and ______.

A

monosaccharide deoxyribose

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

88
Q

DNA occurs as a double strand of joined ________ and is the genetic material of cells.

A

nucleotides

89
Q

RNA nucleotides are composed of the ________

A

monosaccharide ribose

90
Q

organic bases of RNA

A

adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine

91
Q

_______ can be used as energy sources. ______ (polysaccharide) is an energy storage molecule.

A

Monosaccharides

Glycogen

92
Q

Fats can be _____ and ______ later for energy

A

stored

broken down

93
Q

______ and ______ are important components of cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

cholesterol

94
Q

________ regulate many physiological processes

A

Steroid hormones

95
Q

______ control the rate of chemical reactions. ______ regulate many physiological processes

A

Enzymes

96
Q

________ form a structural framework in many parts of the body.

A

Collagen fibers

97
Q

Proteins can be broken down for energy; per unit of weight they yield the same energy as carbohydrates

A

Proteins

98
Q

_____ and ______ in muscle are responsible for muscle contraction

A

Actin

myosin

99
Q

_______ transports oxygen in the blood.

A

Hemoglobin

100
Q

______ and ______- protect against microorganisms and other foreign substances.

A

Antibodies

complement

101
Q

_______ directs the activities of the cell.

A

DNA

102
Q

______ are pieces of DNA that can be passed from one generation to the next generation.

A

Genes

103
Q

_____ is involved in protein synthesis.

A

RNA

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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