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ANSC 142/L: Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals > Chemical Basis for Life > Flashcards

Chemical Basis for Life Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

mass

A

amount of matter a substance contains

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3
Q

weight

A

the force of gravity acting on an object with mass

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4
Q

volume

A

the amount of space an object takes up

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5
Q

the atom

A

consists of neutrons, protons, and electrons

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6
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons an atom has

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7
Q

mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons

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8
Q

ions

A

any particle with a positive or a negative charge due to a gain or loss of electrons

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9
Q

cation

A

positively-charged ion

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10
Q

anion

A

negatively-charged ion

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11
Q

isotopes

A

different atoms of a single atom that has the same amount of protons but different amount of neutrons

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12
Q

ionic bond

A

created by the loss and gain of valence electrons from opposing charges which attract each other

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13
Q

covalent bond

A

caused when two or more atoms bond by sharing valence electrons; their is neither a loss or gain of electrons

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14
Q

non-polar covalent bond

A

when atoms in a covalent bond share electrons equally

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15
Q

polar covalent bond

A

when atoms in a covalent bond do not share electrons equally

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16
Q

hydrogen bond

A

when hydrogen forms a covalent bond with another atom, it will form a bond with other atoms that are also covalently bonded to hydrogen; no electrons are transferred from the atoms so it is not a true bond; this bond can form cohesion and adhesion

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17
Q

surface tension

A

results from formation of hydrogen bonds between the outermost layer of water molecules and the underlying molecules

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18
Q

capillarity

A

causes water to climb up the sides of a container due to the attraction between the (+) charge of water molecules and the (-) charge of the surface of the glass

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19
Q

synthetic reaction

A

occurs when two or more atoms combine to form a new and larger molecule

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20
Q

anabolism

A

the process of a synthetic reaction that occurs in the body

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21
Q

decomposition reaction

A

occurs when a chemical is broken down into small components

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22
Q

catabolism

A

the process of a decomposition reaction that occurs in the body

23
Q

exchange reaction

A

combination of decomposition and synthetic reactions; The bond between A & B and between C & D breaks (decomposition.) New bonds are formed between A & D and between B & C (synthesis.)

AB + CD 🡪 AD + BC

24
Q

solute

A

any substance that dissolves within another substance

25
Q

solvent

A

any liquid that dissolves a solute

26
Q

solution

A

the end product of a solute dissolved in a solvent

27
Q

true solution

A

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in which substance dissolved (solute) in solvent has the particle size of less than 10-9 m or 1 nm; particles will not settle over time

28
Q

colloid solution

A

a phase separated mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble or soluble particles is suspended throughout another substance; particles will not settle over time

29
Q

suspension solution

A

a heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles are spread throughout the liquid without dissolving in it; the particles in suspension are larger than the particles in a solution and will settle over time

30
Q

ionization

A

when inorganic acids, bases, or salts are dissolved in water and they separate into ions

31
Q

acid

A

dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+); dissociates into one or more anions; proton donor

32
Q

base

A

alkaline; dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-); dissociates into one or more cations; proton acceptor

33
Q

salts

A

dissociates into both anions and cations; does not dissociate into hydrogen nor hydroxide ions; ionic salts are called electrolytes

34
Q

pH scale

A

pH < 7 = acidic
pH > 7 = alkaline (basic)
pH = 7 = neutral

35
Q

buffers

A

substances that maintain a neutral pH level; converts strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases

36
Q

carbohydrates

A

includes sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose; can provide energy, structural support, and can become stored energy

37
Q

monosaccharides

A

building blocks of carbohydrates; includes glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose

38
Q

disaccharides

A

formed by combining two monosaccharides; loses a molecule of water during this process; includes sucrose and lactose

39
Q

polysaccharides

A

formed by combining many monosaccharides; loses water by the same process that forms disaccharides; includes glycogen, starches, and cellulose

40
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

bonds molecules together by removing water;

Glucose + Fructose 🡪 Sucrose + Water

41
Q

hydrolysis

A

reverses dehydration synthesis by adding water which dissolves any bonds created;
Water + Sucrose 🡪 Glucose + Fructose

42
Q

lipids

A
  • used as energy by the body
  • stored in fat tissue for future energy needs
  • can act as a chemical messenger, insoluble in water
  • typically hydrophobic
  • four classes of lipids: neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
43
Q

neutral fats

A

also called triglycerides, consists of a single glycerol and three fatty acid molecules

44
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

have single-bonds between all hydrocarbon chains

45
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

have one or more double-bonds between all hydrocarbon chains

46
Q

phospholipids

A
  • like triglycerides, phospholipids contain a glycerol backbone
  • consists of a single glycerol, two fatty acid molecules, and a phosphate group

Phosphate group: Polar and hydrophilic, can interact with water

Fatty acid pair: Non-polar and hydrophobic, can only interact with other lipids

47
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

makes up cell membranes, prevents organelles from diffusing out of the cell as well as preventing unwanted substances from entering.

48
Q

steroids

A
  • contains four rings of carbon atoms
  • non-polar and lipid-soluble
  • cholesterol is a type of modified steroid (sterol) essential for the synthesis of bile salts and for providing structural support to cellular membranes
49
Q

eicosanoids

A
  • formed from a 20-carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid

- consists of two principle subclasses: prostaglandins, leukotrienes

50
Q

proteins

A
  • Most abundant molecule in the body
  • Provides much more functions than carbohydrates or lipids:
    • Structural support (e.g. collagen, keratin)
    • Regulatory support (e.g. insulin)
    • Immunological (e.g. antibodies and interleukins)
    • Transportation (e.g. hemoglobin)
    • Catalytic (e.g. enzymes)
51
Q

amino acids

A
  • Amino acids: Essential building blocks of proteins.
  • Contains an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain, all attached to a single carbon atom.
  • When proteins are synthesized, two amino acids form a covalent bond called a peptide bond. This pair of amino acids is called a dipeptide. Three amino acids form a tripeptide, four forms a tetrapeptide, and so on.
52
Q

enzyme

A
  • Conducts chemical reactions with very minimal energy usage.
  • Enzymes are the body’s catalysts.
  • The substance that an enzyme acts upon is called a substrate.
  • Enzymes are highly specific and only works on specific substrates.
    • lock-and-key mechanism

e.g. lipase, amylase, trypsin

53
Q

nucleic acids

A

Consists of two classes:
- Deoxyribonucleic acids
- Ribonucleic acids
The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides.

54
Q

ATP

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate is the ’energy currency’ of all living systems
  • Stores energy and releases them upon breakdown (exergonic catabolic reaction)
  • ATP functions:
    • muscle contractions
    • movement of chromosomes during cell division
    • transporting and diffusing substances cross membranes
    • synthesizing larger molecules from smaller ones
    • etc.

ANSC 142/L: Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals (24 decks)

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