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MCAT > Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems > Flashcards

Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

An agonist

A

activates a receptor to perform its biochemical function

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2
Q

Antagonist

A

blocks the biochemical function of the protein it binds to

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3
Q

Placebo

A

has no biochemical or physiological effect

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4
Q

Chiral center

A

characterised by an atom that has four different groups bonded to it in such a manner that it has a non-superimposable mirror image

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5
Q

How to find out possible number of stereoisomers?

A

You have to count the number of chiral centers in a compound and apply it the (2^n) rule

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6
Q

Precipitate

A

A (insoluble) solid formed from a dissolved substance

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7
Q

When does precipitation happen

A

when the reaction quotient Q exceeds the equilibrium constant Ksp

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8
Q

What happens when K constant is greater than the reaction quotient Q

A

reaction will proceed in the reverse direction, converting products into reactants.

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9
Q

Law of mass action

A

the rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of each reactant

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10
Q

N terminus

A

At the end of a compound (but if looking at it, it’s at the beginning)

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11
Q

C terminus

A

At the beginning of a compound (at the end)

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12
Q

Proline

A
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13
Q

Phenylalanine

A
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14
Q

Electric field lines exit from and enter to?

A

electric field lines exit from positive and enter negative charges

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15
Q

Schwann cells

A

form the myelin sheath

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16
Q

The myelin sheath increases

A

the radius of the axon

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17
Q

The myelin sheath decreases

A

The capacitance of the axon

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18
Q

As you go down by columns of the periodic table…

A

The atomic radius increases

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19
Q

As you go left to right across the periodic table…

A

The atomic radius decreases

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20
Q

NCV pulse can be calculated by

A

Ohms law

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21
Q

Current equations (I) under ohms law

A

V/R, P/V, sq rt P/R

-P: Power
-R: Resistance
-V: Voltage

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22
Q

How to find the pH of a solution with only the ion concentration?

A

By taking the -log of the ion concentration

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23
Q

Oxyacid

A

When a compound dissolves in water and produces an acidic solution

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24
Q

Base

A

Dissolves only in acidic solution

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25
Q

Alkali metal oxides and hydroxides are

A

Strong bases and basic

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26
Q

Compounds that are non-metals are

A

Acidic

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27
Q

Noble gases

A

Are not reactive and behave as strong oxidants

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28
Q

Triacyl glycerols are

A

fatty esters that are the main components of body fat

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29
Q

Phospholipids are

A

esters of glycerol containing two fatty acyl groups and one phosphate group

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30
Q

Squalene is a

A

precursor of the fused four-ring system common to cholesterol and all of the steroid hormones

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31
Q

Prostaglandins

A

derived from arachidonic acid and have 20 carbon atoms and one 5-carbon ring

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32
Q

What is the net charge of the peptide Arg–Ala–Phe–Leu at pH 8?

A

+1, because the net charge of Arg is +1. The net charge of ph 8 is the sum of the side chain charges.

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33
Q

If the side chain consists of a basic residue the net charge would be ?

A

+1

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34
Q

If the side chain consists of a acidic residue the net charge would be?

A

0

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35
Q

What happens if a compound is more polar? (TLC)

A

It will elute faster, weak association with non-polar stationary phase, decreasing affinity for stationary phase and decreased retention time

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36
Q

What happens if a compound is less polar? (TLC)

A

Elute slower, increased affinity to stationary phase, increased retention time, associate more with non polar stationary phase

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37
Q

binding affinity directly correlates with

A

KM

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38
Q

Metabolism cannot correlate with

A

An unchanging binding affinity

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39
Q

Reducing agent

A

is a chemical species that “donates” an electron to an electron recipient.

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40
Q

NADPH -> NADP+, NADPH acts as…

A

Reducing agent because it donated its electrons

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41
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or “accepts”/”receives” an electron from a reducing agent

42
Q

If the liquid is higher in the inside compared to the outside then the ambient pressure in the inside is

A

Lower than the outside. The higher the liquid level the lower the pressure is

43
Q

Ideal gas law

A

PV=nRT

P: pressure
V: volume
n: # of particles
R: gas constant
T: temperature

44
Q

The average human body contains approximately 5 liters of blood. If the blood has a density of 1060 kg/m3, what is the total mass of blood in the average human? (Note: 1 L = 1000 cm3.)

A

Mass = density x volume

1060 -> 1.06 g/cm3
5 L -> 5000 cm3

1.06 x 5000 = 5300 cm3 -> 5.3 kg

45
Q

The Doppler effect relates

A

the frequency of the ultrasound wave as detected by a moving detector to the frequency of the wave when the source is stationary, the speed of the source, and the speed of the detector

46
Q

Hydrogen bonding is a special type of intermolecular force that happens when H is bonded to

A

highly electronegative elements such as N, O, and F

47
Q

substances that exhibit hydrogen bonding they tend to have

A

higher than expected boiling points and lower vapor pressures

48
Q

The principal quantum number measures

A

Approximate radial size of an electron cloud

49
Q

The principal quantum number n is most closely associated with

A

the potential energy of the electron

50
Q

potential energy is proportional to

A

proportional to the square of the distance of two oppositely charged particles by Coulomb’s Law

51
Q

Coulomb’s law

A

the electrical force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of the quantity of charge on the objects

F=k * q1q2/r^2

52
Q

The shape of an electron cloud is dictated by

A

the orbital quantum number l

53
Q

The quantum number l provides

A

the subshell designators s, p, d, and f

54
Q

The number of valence electrons that orbit a nucleus is dictated by two things

A
  1. the atomic number
  2. the number of closed shells that are present
55
Q

Atomic number dictates

A

the total number of electrons present

56
Q

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is characterized by

A

Mass number A

57
Q

Valence electrons are

A

Outermost electrons

58
Q

How are ibuprofen and palmitoleic acid similar?

A

Both contain a hydrophobic part and a polar carboxylic acid

59
Q

Glucose has neither

A

A hydrophobic part and a polar carboxylic acid

60
Q

ATP has

A

Negative charges and no hydrophobic components

61
Q

Glycerol is

A

Polar but no hydrophobic parts

62
Q

Because Sites I and II bind to anionic and hydrophobic ligands, the amino acid side chains should be

A

cationic (R) to form a salt bridge and hydrophobic (L) for London forces

63
Q

Density equation

A

Mass * volume

64
Q

Heat energy equation

A

q = mCΔT

Q is the heat required
M is mass
C is specific heat
T is the difference or change in temperature

65
Q

Resistance is directly proportional to

A

Temperature so current decreases

66
Q

The fate of the labeled carbon atoms

A

Have to be followed through reactions

67
Q

Where does the carboxyl group C=O stretching frequency falls on a infrared spectrum?

A

the region 1700–1750 cm−1

68
Q

Where does the O–H stretching frequency is expected to fall on a infrared spectrum?

A

the region 3200–3500 cm−1

69
Q

The frequency of a conjugated or aromatic C=C falls where in a infrared spectrum?

A

1580-1610 cm−1 region

70
Q

Mevalonic acid contains

A

–CO2H and –OH groups

71
Q

How can a single stereoisomer be formed?

A

If the enzyme is chiral

72
Q

Enzyme H20 and CoA is

A

Chiral

73
Q

An enzyme is what type of catalyst and why?

A

a chiral catalyst capable of preferentially forming one enantiomer because a lower energy chiral transition state leads to the preferred product

74
Q

squalene metabolism forms

A

Steroids

75
Q

Cortisone, cholesterol, and testosterone are

A

All steroids

76
Q

Myopia is a condition of the eye where the crystalline lens focuses the light rays to a position between the lens and the retina. To correct for this condition, a thin lens is placed in front of the eye that will help to focus light on the retina. What kind of lens is that?

A

Diverging lens

77
Q

Diverging lens

A

spreads out light before it reaches the crystalline lens

78
Q

Converging lens

A

forces the light to focus on a point farther from the retina.

79
Q

What procedure can be used to remove the water from the frozen sample?

A

Sublimation of the water under reduced pressure, it will keep the mixture cold and will maintain the protein in its native state

80
Q

What is the net charge of pantothenate in aqueous solution at ph 7?

A

the carboxylic acid of pantothenate will lose a hydrogen ion to become a carboxylate (–1) for a net charge of –1 on pantothenate

81
Q

What is the net charge of phosphopantothenate in aqueous solution at pH 7?

A

The phosphate group of phosphopantothenate will lose two hydrogen ions (–2) and the carboxylic acid will lose one hydrogen ion (–1) for a net charge of –3 on the phosphopantothenate

82
Q

What components compromise CoA ? (Precursor)

A

β-Mercaptoethylamine, phosphopantothenate, dAMP with additional 3′–phosphate, β-Mercaptopropylamine, pantothenate, AMP with additional 5′–phosphate, dAMP with additional 5′–phosphate, and ADP with additional 3′–phosphate

83
Q

The stabilization of pantothenate in PanK3 is most likely due to an active site:

A

Aspartate because it contains a carboxylate group and binding is stabilized by interactions between the hydroxyl groups of pantothenate and a carboxylate group of PanK3

84
Q

Which two amino acids contribute to the stabilization of ADP binding

A

His 11 and Arg27; both His 11 and Arg27 could be positively charged in the binding site of PanK3 and create electrostatic attractive forces with the phosphate groups of ADP

85
Q

Hydrogen bonds/forces are weaker than

A

Electrostatic forces

86
Q

Asp6 ____ phosphate groups because it’s side chains are ______

A

Repels, anionic

87
Q

NADH is a

A

Reducing agent

88
Q

NAD+ is a

A

Oxidizing agent

89
Q

NADH can be oxidized to

A

NAD+

90
Q

How to calculate the frequency of emitted gamma photons

A

E=hf

H= Plancks constant
F= photon frequency

91
Q

To find the half life of Tc radioactivity on a graph

A

half-life is the duration after which radioactivity is 50% of its initial value.

Meaning half of the radioactivity at 0

92
Q

Positron Carries

A

A positive charge

93
Q

Electron carries

A

A negative charge

94
Q

Photon doesn’t

A

Have an electric charge

95
Q

Neutrino is a particle with

A

No electric charge

96
Q

Both the Doppler ultrasound and the standard ultrasound techniques can

A

distinguish between fluids and tissues

97
Q

The Doppler ultrasound technique cannot

A

provide information regarding the tissue density and provide information regarding tissue thickness, such as the heart wall thickness.

98
Q

The Doppler effect allows the observer to

A

distinguish between a stationary and a moving object that reflects ultrasound waves, in this instance the blood in flow

99
Q

To find the work done equation

A

Work = load * time (seconds)

100
Q

When choosing a buffer to use for an experiment conducted at pH 5.3, it would be best to choose one with a pKa of:

A

4.75 because good experimental design protocols state that a good buffer has a pKa within 1 pH unit of the desired experimental conditions. Within this range, there is less than a 10 to 1 ratio of acid to base or base to acid forms of the buffer, and so some buffering capacity still remains

101
Q

Specific heat equation

A

Absorption of heat/mass (kg)* change in temperature (Celsius)

102
Q

During glycolysis, pyruvate CH3C(=O)CO2– is reduced to lactate CH3CH(OH)CO2– by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). What is the balanced reaction for this conversion?

A

CH3C(=O)CO2– + NADH + H+ → CH3CH(OH)CO2– + NAD+

MCAT (2 decks)

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