Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Flashcards
1
Q
An agonist
A
activates a receptor to perform its biochemical function
2
Q
Antagonist
A
blocks the biochemical function of the protein it binds to
3
Q
Placebo
A
has no biochemical or physiological effect
4
Q
Chiral center
A
characterised by an atom that has four different groups bonded to it in such a manner that it has a non-superimposable mirror image
5
Q
How to find out possible number of stereoisomers?
A
You have to count the number of chiral centers in a compound and apply it the (2^n) rule
6
Q
Precipitate
A
A (insoluble) solid formed from a dissolved substance
7
Q
When does precipitation happen
A
when the reaction quotient Q exceeds the equilibrium constant Ksp
8
Q
What happens when K constant is greater than the reaction quotient Q
A
reaction will proceed in the reverse direction, converting products into reactants.
9
Q
Law of mass action
A
the rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of each reactant
10
Q
N terminus
A
At the end of a compound (but if looking at it, it’s at the beginning)
11
Q
C terminus
A
At the beginning of a compound (at the end)
12
Q
Proline
A
13
Q
Phenylalanine
A
14
Q
Electric field lines exit from and enter to?
A
electric field lines exit from positive and enter negative charges
15
Q
Schwann cells
A
form the myelin sheath
16
Q
The myelin sheath increases
A
the radius of the axon
17
Q
The myelin sheath decreases
A
The capacitance of the axon
18
Q
As you go down by columns of the periodic table…
A
The atomic radius increases
19
Q
As you go left to right across the periodic table…
A
The atomic radius decreases
20
Q
NCV pulse can be calculated by
A
Ohms law
21
Q
Current equations (I) under ohms law
A
V/R, P/V, sq rt P/R
-P: Power
-R: Resistance
-V: Voltage
22
Q
How to find the pH of a solution with only the ion concentration?
A
By taking the -log of the ion concentration
23
Q
Oxyacid
A
When a compound dissolves in water and produces an acidic solution
24
Q
Base
A
Dissolves only in acidic solution
25
Alkali metal oxides and hydroxides are
Strong bases and basic
26
Compounds that are non-metals are
Acidic
27
Noble gases
Are not reactive and behave as strong oxidants
28
Triacyl glycerols are
fatty esters that are the main components of body fat
29
Phospholipids are
esters of glycerol containing two fatty acyl groups and one phosphate group
30
Squalene is a
precursor of the fused four-ring system common to cholesterol and all of the steroid hormones
31
Prostaglandins
derived from arachidonic acid and have 20 carbon atoms and one 5-carbon ring
32
What is the net charge of the peptide Arg–Ala–Phe–Leu at pH 8?
+1, because the net charge of Arg is +1. The net charge of ph 8 is the sum of the side chain charges.
33
If the side chain consists of a basic residue the net charge would be ?
+1
34
If the side chain consists of a acidic residue the net charge would be?
0
35
What happens if a compound is more polar? (TLC)
It will elute faster, weak association with non-polar stationary phase, decreasing affinity for stationary phase and decreased retention time
36
What happens if a compound is less polar? (TLC)
Elute slower, increased affinity to stationary phase, increased retention time, associate more with non polar stationary phase
37
binding affinity directly correlates with
KM
38
Metabolism cannot correlate with
An unchanging binding affinity
39
Reducing agent
is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an electron recipient.
40
NADPH -> NADP+, NADPH acts as…
Reducing agent because it donated its electrons
41
Oxidizing agent
substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a reducing agent
42
If the liquid is higher in the inside compared to the outside then the ambient pressure in the inside is
Lower than the outside. The higher the liquid level the lower the pressure is
43
Ideal gas law
PV=nRT
P: pressure
V: volume
n: # of particles
R: gas constant
T: temperature
44
The average human body contains approximately 5 liters of blood. If the blood has a density of 1060 kg/m3, what is the total mass of blood in the average human? (Note: 1 L = 1000 cm3.)
Mass = density x volume
1060 -> 1.06 g/cm3
5 L -> 5000 cm3
1.06 x 5000 = 5300 cm3 -> 5.3 kg
45
The Doppler effect relates
the frequency of the ultrasound wave as detected by a moving detector to the frequency of the wave when the source is stationary, the speed of the source, and the speed of the detector
46
Hydrogen bonding is a special type of intermolecular force that happens when H is bonded to
highly electronegative elements such as N, O, and F
47
substances that exhibit hydrogen bonding they tend to have
higher than expected boiling points and lower vapor pressures
48
The principal quantum number measures
Approximate radial size of an electron cloud
49
The principal quantum number n is most closely associated with
the potential energy of the electron
50
potential energy is proportional to
proportional to the square of the distance of two oppositely charged particles by Coulomb’s Law
51
Coulomb’s law
the electrical force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of the quantity of charge on the objects
F=k * q1q2/r^2
52
The shape of an electron cloud is dictated by
the orbital quantum number l
53
The quantum number l provides
the subshell designators s, p, d, and f
54
The number of valence electrons that orbit a nucleus is dictated by two things
1. the atomic number
2. the number of closed shells that are present
55
Atomic number dictates
the total number of electrons present
56
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is characterized by
Mass number A
57
Valence electrons are
Outermost electrons
58
How are ibuprofen and palmitoleic acid similar?
Both contain a hydrophobic part and a polar carboxylic acid
59
Glucose has neither
A hydrophobic part and a polar carboxylic acid
60
ATP has
Negative charges and no hydrophobic components
61
Glycerol is
Polar but no hydrophobic parts
62
Because Sites I and II bind to anionic and hydrophobic ligands, the amino acid side chains should be
cationic (R) to form a salt bridge and hydrophobic (L) for London forces
63
Density equation
Mass * volume
64
Heat energy equation
q = mCΔT
Q is the heat required
M is mass
C is specific heat
T is the difference or change in temperature
65
Resistance is directly proportional to
Temperature so current decreases
66
The fate of the labeled carbon atoms
Have to be followed through reactions
67
Where does the carboxyl group C=O stretching frequency falls on a infrared spectrum?
the region 1700–1750 cm−1
68
Where does the O–H stretching frequency is expected to fall on a infrared spectrum?
the region 3200–3500 cm−1
69
The frequency of a conjugated or aromatic C=C falls where in a infrared spectrum?
1580-1610 cm−1 region
70
Mevalonic acid contains
–CO2H and –OH groups
71
How can a single stereoisomer be formed?
If the enzyme is chiral
72
Enzyme H20 and CoA is
Chiral
73
An enzyme is what type of catalyst and why?
a chiral catalyst capable of preferentially forming one enantiomer because a lower energy chiral transition state leads to the preferred product
74
squalene metabolism forms
Steroids
75
Cortisone, cholesterol, and testosterone are
All steroids
76
Myopia is a condition of the eye where the crystalline lens focuses the light rays to a position between the lens and the retina. To correct for this condition, a thin lens is placed in front of the eye that will help to focus light on the retina. What kind of lens is that?
Diverging lens
77
Diverging lens
spreads out light before it reaches the crystalline lens
78
Converging lens
forces the light to focus on a point farther from the retina.
79
What procedure can be used to remove the water from the frozen sample?
Sublimation of the water under reduced pressure, it will keep the mixture cold and will maintain the protein in its native state
80
What is the net charge of pantothenate in aqueous solution at ph 7?
the carboxylic acid of pantothenate will lose a hydrogen ion to become a carboxylate (–1) for a net charge of –1 on pantothenate
81
What is the net charge of phosphopantothenate in aqueous solution at pH 7?
The phosphate group of phosphopantothenate will lose two hydrogen ions (–2) and the carboxylic acid will lose one hydrogen ion (–1) for a net charge of –3 on the phosphopantothenate
82
What components compromise CoA ? (Precursor)
β-Mercaptoethylamine, phosphopantothenate, dAMP with additional 3′–phosphate, β-Mercaptopropylamine, pantothenate, AMP with additional 5′–phosphate, dAMP with additional 5′–phosphate, and ADP with additional 3′–phosphate
83
The stabilization of pantothenate in PanK3 is most likely due to an active site:
Aspartate because it contains a carboxylate group and binding is stabilized by interactions between the hydroxyl groups of pantothenate and a carboxylate group of PanK3
84
Which two amino acids contribute to the stabilization of ADP binding
His 11 and Arg27; both His 11 and Arg27 could be positively charged in the binding site of PanK3 and create electrostatic attractive forces with the phosphate groups of ADP
85
Hydrogen bonds/forces are weaker than
Electrostatic forces
86
Asp6 ____ phosphate groups because it’s side chains are ______
Repels, anionic
87
NADH is a
Reducing agent
88
NAD+ is a
Oxidizing agent
89
NADH can be oxidized to
NAD+
90
How to calculate the frequency of emitted gamma photons
E=hf
H= Plancks constant
F= photon frequency
91
To find the half life of Tc radioactivity on a graph
half-life is the duration after which radioactivity is 50% of its initial value.
Meaning half of the radioactivity at 0
92
Positron Carries
A positive charge
93
Electron carries
A negative charge
94
Photon doesn’t
Have an electric charge
95
Neutrino is a particle with
No electric charge
96
Both the Doppler ultrasound and the standard ultrasound techniques can
distinguish between fluids and tissues
97
The Doppler ultrasound technique cannot
provide information regarding the tissue density and provide information regarding tissue thickness, such as the heart wall thickness.
98
The Doppler effect allows the observer to
distinguish between a stationary and a moving object that reflects ultrasound waves, in this instance the blood in flow
99
To find the work done equation
Work = load * time (seconds)
100
When choosing a buffer to use for an experiment conducted at pH 5.3, it would be best to choose one with a pKa of:
4.75 because good experimental design protocols state that a good buffer has a pKa within 1 pH unit of the desired experimental conditions. Within this range, there is less than a 10 to 1 ratio of acid to base or base to acid forms of the buffer, and so some buffering capacity still remains
101
Specific heat equation
Absorption of heat/mass (kg)* change in temperature (Celsius)
102
During glycolysis, pyruvate CH3C(=O)CO2– is reduced to lactate CH3CH(OH)CO2– by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). What is the balanced reaction for this conversion?
CH3C(=O)CO2– + NADH + H+ → CH3CH(OH)CO2– + NAD+
