chem - solutions Flashcards
what is a solute
the substance that dissolves in a solution
what is a solvent
the substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution
what is a solution
a uniform mixture that may contain solids, liquids, or gases. Made up of at least one solute and one solvent.
define homogenous
a mixture that has a uniform composition throughout and always has a single phase. (all solutions are homogenous mixtures)
define heterogenous
a mixture that does not have uniform composition
name the 9 types of solutions, give examples of each
G + G (N2 + O2 = air)
G + L (air + H2O = moist air)
G + S (air+ charcoal = charcoal filter)
L + G (H2O + CO2 = carbonated water)
L + L (H2O + ethylene glycol = antifreeze)
L + S (H2O + Na = saltwater)
S + G (C + poisonous gas = charcoal filter)
S + L (Ag + Hg = tooth filling)
S + S (Cu + Zn = brass)
define electronegativity
the relative ability of an elements atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
define polarity
the positive or negative charge of an atom
describe what a polar water molecule would look like
h are +ve, o is -ve
in a water molecule, which element is more electronegative?
oxygen
what is the difference between soluble and insoluble
soluble- can be dissolved
what is the difference between miscible and immiscible
miscible- liquid that can be dissolved
describe the dissolving process of an ionically bonded substance, at an atomic level.
salt -> h of h2o surrounds cl-, o of h2o surrounds na+
what is solvation?
the process in which solvent particles are pulled into a sphere around solute particles, causing the solute to be hidden from view
what is hydration?
solvation but with water as the solvent
describe the dissolving process of a covalently bonded substance, at an atomic level
solvent surrounds each solute molecule, covalent bonds are too strong to be broken
define exothermic
when a solute dissolves in a solvent and the overall solution increases in temperature. This is because the forming of bonds gave off more energy than the breaking of the initial bonds
define endothermic
when a solute dissolves in a solvent and the overall solution decreases in temperature. This is because the breaking of the initial bonds required more energy than the forming of the bonds gave off
what type of bond forms electrolyte solutions?
ionic
what type of bond releases positive and negative ions when dissolved?
ionic
what is a dipole?
the separation of a charge in a polar molecule
what is a non-polar substance? Give an example.
a molecule with atoms of similar electronegativities, does not have specifically charged poles. (ex. oil)
list what happens with each possible solution of polar and non-polar substances.
- both polar: Polar attraction, solution possible.
- polar solvent and nonpolar solute: Polar particles attracted to each other only, solution unlikely.
- nonpolar solvent and polar solute: same as above
- both nonpolar: some may dissolve, solution possible
like dissolves like.
like dissolves like.
