chem- idk gasses or somethign Flashcards
what were the 3 main arguements of the Atomists?
-Matter is made of particles
-nothing between particles
-“nothing exists but atoms and the void”
what were the 2 main arguements of the Aristotelians?
-Vacuum is logically impossible, “Nature abhors a vacuum”
-Air has no weight
what is the maximum height water can be pumped to?
32 feet, or 11 meters.
what did Galileo present as a solution to the 32 feet problem?
resistance to a vacuum or “suction” holds the water up,
nature abhors a vacuum, but only to a height of 32 feet.
what was Gasparo Berti’s experiment?
Long tube over inverted basin, all full of water. Water in tube held up by atmospheric pressure, vacuum above water.
What did the haters say was above Berti’s water?
“the water gave off spirits” god damn they stupid
Who was Evangelista Torricelli?
The man who made the Barometer. (same as berti’s experiment, but using mercury instead of water)
What height did the mercury stay at in Torricelli’s Barometer?
760mm
How did Torricelli prove there was a vacuum above the mercury?
added water to the bowl while slowly raising the tube. When the end of the tube reached the surface of the water, the mercury fell out and the water rushed in, all the way to the top, proving there was nothing up there blocking the mercury.
How did Torricelli interpret his experiments?
“We live submerged at the bottom of an ocean of air, and the weight of the air supports the column of mercury.” He also decided that his experiment had failed after he noticed that the mercury fluctuated with changes in the weather.
Did Blaise Pascal believe Torricelli?
no, he thought the “sea of air” theory was stupid, and disagreed with the existence of vacuums.
What was Pascal’s Puy-de-Dome experiment?
told his brother fLorin Perier to take a barometer up a mountain, and the mercury gradually dropped as altitude increased.
Did Pascal change the minds of the Aristotelians?
Somewhat. They admitted that the air supported the mercury, but still didnt believe in vacuums.
What are the 4 main permanent gases that make up the atmosphere, and what are their percentages?
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.1% other
What are the 3 main greenhouse gases, and what percentage of the atmosphere do they make up?
0-4% water vapour, 0.035% CO2, 0.002% methane
what percentage of the atmosphere does ozone make up?
0.000 004%
what do greenhouse gases do?
retain heat energy in the atmosphere
which gases have increased in the last 200 years?
CO2 25%, methane
what 4 gases did our atmosphere originally consist of?
helium, hydrogen, ammonia, methane
what factors caused the atmosphere to change to today’s state?
volcanoes releasing h2o, co2, and n2
who invented the first air pump?
otto von guericke
what was von guericke’s copper sphere demonstration? what did it prove?
he put two airtight copper hemispheres together and then pumped out all the air from inside. Due to atmospheric pressure, the sphere could not be pulled apart by 2 teams of 8 horses, until the air was let back into it and it fell apart easily. This proved that atmospheric pressure works in all directions, not just down.
who was francisus linus?
a man who refused to believe in vacuums. wrote in 1661 that there was an entity called the Funiculus holding up the mercury in barometers. Some dude named Hobbes also agreed.
what was robert boyle’s “experiment 17” in 1660? What was the result?
designed an air pump to test torricelli’s hypothesis that removing the air at the top of a barometer will cause the mercury to fall. Tested by placing a barometer into a container and then pumping out the air. Couldnt lower the pressure enough, blamed it on leaks in the system.
