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School > Chem Review > Flashcards

Chem Review Flashcards

1
Q

Types of chemical

reactions for alkanes

A

Combustion
Substitution
Cracking

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2
Q

Types of chemical reactions for alkenes and alkynes

A

Combustion
Addition
Polymerization

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3
Q

What is cracking?

A

is a process by which HC are broken into smaller more useful molecules

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4
Q

Fractional distillation is..

A

is petroleum refining according to boiling points, lower boiling point
substance separates first

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5
Q

Chemical reactivity of hydrocarbons

A

Alkynes> Alkenes >&raquo_space;»> alkanes

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6
Q

Expanded structural formula

A 
H H H H
    I   I    I   I
H-C-C-C-C-H
     I   I   I   I
    H H H H
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7
Q

Condensed structural formula

A

H2 H2

H3C-C-C-C-CH3

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8
Q

C-C-C-C

A

Skeletal structural formula

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9
Q

Physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons

A

1.Carbon has 4 valence electrons and can do 4 bonds/ Carbon can do single,
double and triple bonds (covalent bonds)

  1. CH bond is a non- polar bonds as the difference is very smalls
  2. Hydrocarbons are non-polar compounds bonded by very weak Van Der Waals attraction
  3. Small chain hydrocarbons are expected to be gas or liquid at room temperature.
  4. They are expected to have low boiling & melting points too.
  5. Since hydrocarbons are non-polar they dissolve in non-polar solvents and do not dissolve in polar solvents
  6. C-H bond is a stable bond have very low chemical reactivity
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10
Q

Why are alkanes saturated and Alkynes and alkenes not?

A

Because u can still add (saturate) it with Hydrogen atoms.

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11
Q

Halocarbon properties

A

Increasing the x molar mass increases BP & MP
Can be primary, secondary & tertiary (
depends on carbons attached to the
carbon)

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12
Q

Alcohols properties

A 
Dissolves in water
- Hydrogen bond
• Increasing -OH increases polarity/solubility/BP
& MP
Separated from water by distillation
Can be primary, secondary & tertiary (
depends on carbons attached to the
carbon)
A glycol is an alcohol with more than one -
OH
Glycerol is a tripropanol
Uses:
Butanol: dissolves dyes
Glycerol (have 3-oh): used as antifreeze for
planes fuel.
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13
Q

Ether properties

A

Despite having -O- it doesn’t form a h-bond
Uses:
diethyl ether: is a surgical anesthetic

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14
Q

Amine properties

A

-Responsible for the bad smell of cadavers(
Dead bodies), police dogs can recognize to
look for bodies.
Can be primary, secondary & tertiary
(depends on carbons attached to it)
Slightly basic compounds: Indicators

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15
Q

Aldehydes

A

do not form hydrogen bond with each other
Can make hydrogen bond with water
- USes
Formaldehyde: Used to preserve biological
specimen for years
Reacts with Urea to make rigid wax and plastic
(buttons)

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16
Q

Ketones properties

A
  • less polar than aldehyde

Uses: solvent for non-polar compounds:
Industrial solvent/ dissolve stains of non polar
compounds like wax

17
Q

Carboxylic acid properties

A 
can form hydrogen bond
- highly polar
- acidic in nature: indicators
Examples: salicylic Acid, adebic acid
- Formic acid: is a chemical that ants produce
as a signal for danger.
18
Q

Esters properties

A 
Polar compounds
Gives the smell for natural &
industrial smells
Methyl hexanoate: strawberry
Ethyl butanoate : pineapple
19
Q

Amides properties

A

When in carboxylic acid an -OH is

replaced with NH grp

20
Q

Only carboxylic acids, primary & secondary amines and alcohols can make h-bond with themselves

A

make h-bond with themselves

21
Q

the number or halogens in a structure will increase

A

its boiling points

22
Q

________ the carbon atoms will increase the boiling point

A

Increasing

23
Q

Increasing the carbon atoms will?

A

Increasing the carbon atoms will decrease the solubility

24
Q

Aromatic compounds have a higher boiling point than

A

Aromatic compounds have a higher boiling point than aliphatic compounds

25
Q

Solubility in water & Boiling point order:

A

RCOOR > ROH> RNH2> RCHO> RCOR> ROR> R-X

C.a> alcohol > amine> aldehyde> ketone > other> alkyl halides> alkene> alkane

26
Q

Increasing the branches will ..

A

Increase the distance between the molecules,it will decrease the boiling point.

27
Q

Weaker dispersion bonds leads to..

A

Less energy needed to break the bonds less boiling point.

28
Q

Formula for finding alkanes

A

CnH(2n+2)

29
Q

Formula for finding alkenes

A

CnH2n

30
Q

Alkynes formula

A

CnH(2n-2)

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