Bio Review Flashcards
Where does processing of information occur
in the nervous system?
Each of the major areas of the brain-the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem-are responsible for processing and relaying information.
The brain is constantly changed by
By its interactions with the environment
Many of these new cells originate in regions
associated with learning and memory.
True
What is the main link between the brain and the rets of the body?
Spinal cord
The spinal cord carries ________ at______?
Carries thousands of signals at once between the central and
peripheral nervous systems.
______pairs of spinal nerves branch
out from the spinal cord, connecting the brain to different parts of
the body.
31
Certain kinds of information, including many reflexes, are
processed directly in the ______.
Spinal cord
Reflex is
is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus
Ex: The way in which you pull your hand back
quickly when pricked by a pin is an example of a reflex.
The largest region of the human brain is the
Cerebrum
The cerebrum is responsible for
the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the
body. It is also the site of intelligence, learning, and judgment.
What are the hemispheres of the brain connected with?
The hemispheres are connected by a band of tissue
called the corpus callosum.
Each hemisphere deals with?
each hemisphere deals mainly with the opposite side of the body. Sensations from the left side of the body go to the right hemisphere, and those from the right side go to the left hemisphere.
hemisphere is divided into
regions called
Lobes
The cerebrum consists of
2 layers.
The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex
inner layer of the cerebrum is known as white
matter.
Cerebral cortex consisted of
consists of
densely packed nerve cell bodies known as gray matter.
The cerebral cortex processes
The cerebral cortex processes information from the sense organs and controls body movements. It is also where thoughts, plans, and learning abilities are
Folds and grooves on the outer surface of the cerebral cortex….
Greatly increase its surface area.
White matter color comes from
Its whitish color comes from bundles of axons with myelin
sheaths. These axons may connect different areas of the cerebral
cortex, or they may connect the cerebrum to other areas of the
brain such as the brain stem.
A number of important functions have been linked to the many structures that make up the limbic system including
emotion, behavior, and memory.
The limbic system is also associated with the brain’s pleasure center, a region that produces feelings of satisfaction and well-being.
(Example of limbic system) a region deep within the brain called the amygdala has been associated with
learning, including fear and anxiety, as well as
the formation of long-term memories.
The thalamus and hypothalamus are found?
The thalamus and hypothalamus are found between the
brain stem and the cerebrum.
What does the thalamus do?
The thalamus receives mes-
sages from sensory receptors throughout the body and then
relays the information to the proper region of the cere-
brum for further processing.
Wha does he hypothalamus do?
It’s just below the thalamus.The hypothalamus is the control center for
recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger,
and body temperature. The hypothalamus also helps to
coordinate the nervous and endocrine systems.
The second largest region of the brain is the
Cerebellum
What kind of info does the cerebellum receive?
cerebellum. Information about muscle and
joint position, as well as other sensory inputs,
are sent to the cerebellum. Although the
commands to move muscles come from the
cerebral cortex, sensory information allows
the cerebellum to coordinate and balance the
actions of these muscles. This enables the body
to move gracefully and efficiently.
When u learn a new sport what part of the brain learns the movements?
it is the cerebellum that
actually learns the movements and coordinates
The brain stem connects?
Brain and spinal cord
The brain stem includes 3 regions?
- Midbrain
- pons
- Medulla oblongata
What are some of the body’s most important functions controlled by the brain stem?
regulation of blood pressure, heart rate,
breathing, and swallowing
The brain stem
does the work of keeping the body functioning even when you
have lost consciousness due to sleep or injury.
How do drugs change the brain and lead to addiction?
The brain reacts to excessive dopamine levels by reducing the
number of receptors for the neurotransmitter. As a result, normal
activities no longer produce the sensations of pleasure they once
did.
Drugs affect the brain’s ?
Synapses
Methamphetamine affect on synapse
Methamphetamine releases a flood of dopamine, producing an instant “high”
Cocaine affect on synapse
Cocaine keeps dopamine in the synaptic region longer, intensi-
fying pleasure and suppressing pain.
Heroin affect on synapse
Drugs made from opium pop-
pies, like heroin, stimulate receptors elsewhere in the brain that lead
to dopamine release.
Nicotine affect on brain
Nicotine, the addictive substance in tobacco, and
alcohol, the most widely abused drug in the United States, also cause
increased release of dopamine.
How does the central nervous system receive
sensory information?
the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system
transmits impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system
the peripheral nervous system consists of
sensory division and the motor
division.
The motor division transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the
Muscles and glands
Sensory receptors are cells that transmit information about
changes in the
Environment- external and internal
Sensory receptors can be categorized by the
type of stimuli to which they respond.
Chemoreceptors
Respond to chemicals
Located: mouth, nose, blood vessels
Photoreceptors
Respond to light
Located in eyes
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to: touch, pressure, vibrations, and stretch
Located: skin, hair, ears, tendons, ligaments
Thermoreceptors
Responds to temp changes
Located in skin, hypothalamus
Pain receptors
Respond to tissue injury
Found throughout the body
How do muscles and glands receive commands from
the central nervous system?
The motor division of the peripheral nervous
system transmits impulses from the central nervous system
to muscles or glands.
Somatic Nervous System
The somatic nervous system
regulates body activities that are under conscious control, such
as the movement of skeletal muscles.
Autonomic NS
The autonomic nervous system
regulates activities that are involuntary,
Examples of autonomic NS
When u run, it speeds up your heart rate and blood flow to the skeletal
muscles
2 parts of the autonomic NS
the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic
nervous system.
the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have _______ effects on each organ they influence.
Opposite, road, the
two systems produce a level of fine control that coordinates organs
throughout the body.
Example of autonomic and sympathetic NS working together
example, heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous
system but decreased by the parasympathetic nervous system.
In general, the sympathetic system prepares the body for intense activity.
In contrast, the parasympathetic system causes what might be called the “rest and digest” response.
How does the body sense touch, temperature, and pain?
Different sensory
receptors in the body respond to touch, temperature, and pain.
Human skin contains at least____ types of sensory recep-
tors,
7
Why does the patient stay awake during brain surgery?
The brain doesn’t have pain receptors
How are the senses of smell and taste similar?
… Sensations of smell and taste are both
the result of impulses sent to the brain by chemoreceptors.
How do the ears and brain process sounds and maintain balance?
Mechanoreceptors found in parts of the ear
transmit impulses to the brain. The brain translates the impulses
into sound and information about balance.
The ears are the sensory organs that can distinguish
both the _______ of those vibrations.
Pitch and loudness
What balances the body in the ear?
The semicircular canals
and the two tiny sacs located behind them monitor the position of
your body, especially your head, in relation to gravity.
How do the eyes and brain produce vision?
Vision occurs when photoreceptors
in the eyes transmit impulses to the brain, which translates these
impulses into images.
Size of pupil in light
dim light, the pupil becomes larger and more light enters the eye. In
bright light, the pupil becomes smaller and less light enters the eye.
are two types of
photoreceptors:
Rods and cones
Rods vs cones
Rods are extremely sensitive to light,
but they do not distinguish different colors. They only allow us to
see black and white. Cones are less sensitive than rods, but they do
respond to different colors, producing color vision.
Process of voluntary movements
1- Impulses originating in the brain
are carried through the spinal cord where they synapse
with the dendrites of motor neurons.
2- The axons from
these motor neurons extend from the spinal cord carrying
impulses directly to muscles, causing the contractions that
produce voluntary movements.
Process of reflex
1- sensory receptors react
to the sensation of the tack and send an impulse to sensory
neurons.
2- sensory neurons relay the information to the
spinal cord.
3- An interneuron in the spinal cord processes
the information and forms a response.
4- A motor neuron
carries impulses to its effector, a muscle that it stimulates.
5- The muscle contracts and your leg moves.
All reflexes are controllled by spinal cord?
False, the spinal cord does not control all reflexes. Many reflexes that involve structures in your head, such as blinking or sneezing, are controlled by the brain.
Ossification process
Cartilage is gradually replaced by bone during the process of
bone formation called ossification (ahs uh fih kay shun). Ossification begins up to seven months before birth. Bone tissue forms as cells called osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits that replace the cartilage in developing bones. As bone tissue completes its development, most osteoblasts mature into osteocytes. Osteocytes help to maintain the minerals in bone tissue and continue to strengthen the growing bone.
Hypothalamus detects
Hunger
