Chem/Phys Flashcards
an individual with dry skin with a resistance of 10ˆ4 Ω comes in contact with a high voltage DC current. to rescue the individual, another person with wet skin makes contact with the first, forming a parallel connection. consequently, the time required for 10 C of charge to exit the power source will:
decrease
wet skin will have a lower resistance
adding resistors in parallel decreases the overall resistance of a circuit which will cause the total current passing through the circuit to increase
current = Δcharge/Δtime so if the current increases, the time must decrease
what is current?
Δcharge/Δtime
what does adding resistors in parallel do?
adding resistors in parallel decreases the overall resistance
this causes an increase in total current
what elements are best for conducting electricity? why?
elements with metallic character are best for conducting electricity and lower resistance to help shock better
what is the equation for blood pressure?
BP = CO * total peripheral resistance
BP = P(systolic) - P(diastole)
what is a ketal?
R
|
RO - C - OR
|
R
stable in basic solution
how can you form a ketal?
a carbonyl group is reacted with an alcohol (diol)
what does LAH do?
lithium aluminum hydride reduces
it will reduce an ester group to an alcohol and would also reduce a keno to an alcohol
how can you activate a carboxyl group?
reacting it with SOCl2
the chlorine atom would replace the COOH hydroxyl group and produce an acyl chloride
acyl chloride is the most reactive carboxylic acid derivative
what would happen if you react a carboxyl group with excess alcohol and HCl?
you would end up replacing the hydroxyl group by an alkoxide group (RO)
what’s an alkoxide group?
OR
what kind of environment is a cell membrane?
hydrophobic
if the graph of radioactive decay was transferred to logarithmic graph paper, what would the result be?
a straight line with a nonzero slope
what is ionizing an auto?
when sufficient energy is absorbed to remove an electron from an atom
hello ionization energy!
MRI subjects hydrogens in tissues to a magnetic field and in response the protons emit radio frequency radiation which is imaged as bright area. what tissue is least likely to show up as a bright region in an MRI scan?
femur
MRI images protons
protons in biological tissues are found in water so which tissue would have the lowest water content?
soft tissues like internal organs and muscles have high water content than bones
what is the log of 1000?
3
10ˆ3 = 1000
what is power?
power = intensity*area
power = energy/time
watts* mˆ2
what is the doppler effect?
the idea that the speed of both the source and detector of a wave will influence the perceived frequency of that wave
what affects the intensity of a sound wave experienced by a detector?
the surface area of the detector and its distance from the source
what will affect the frequency of sound waves traveling through the air as measured by a detector?
speed of the source of the sound
the doppler effect
how do you write the electron configuration of a cation?
remove electrons beginning with the highest principal quantum number!!
ex. Ar(3d10) as a +2 cation would be [Ar]3d10
what is a Lewis base? lewis acid?
an electron donor
ex. glutamate is an electron donor, Zn+2 is an electron acceptor and would be a lewis acid
what is electrostatic form?
different atoms will experience different electrostatic force from some outside electric field because they carry different charges
what’s the conversation between lnx and logx?
lnx = 2.3logx
what is the relationship that relates G and Keq?
ΔG = -RTlnK
how could you measure the resistance of the human body?
have a subject hold the positive terminal of a known voltage source with one hand and the negative terminal with the other hand while the physiologist measures the current
what is a bronsted-lowry acid?
donates protons
what is a bronsted lowry base?
accepts protons
what happens at the equivalence point of a titration of an acid and base?
equivalents acid = equivalents base
what do you need to determine the equivalence point during a titration?
an indicator
the pKa of the indicator should be +/-1 the pH at the equivalence point or else the end point won’t accurately tell you the equivalence point
units of torque?
what is the force equal to at rotational equilibrium?
N•m
T = rFsinθ F = T/rsinθ F = mgl/rsinθ
l: length of arm
what is arachidonic acid?
a fatty acid
it has a carboxylic acid head with a long aliphatic tail
what happens when you combine a carboxylic acid and HN3 and the decarboxylate the intermediate?
NH3 = amine
what’s an amine?
NH3
what’s nitrate?
NO3
what’s nitrosyl?
NO - M
NO bonded to transition metal
what would a decrease in cross sectional area of a vessel result in?
increased resistance so blood flow decreases
how does the speed of sound waves change for different tissues?
a sound wave will travel faster in muscle than in blood
sound is a mechanical wave that relies on molecular collisions for propagation so it would travel fastest in solids where molecules are closes together and slowest in gases
what can contribute to the hydrophobic nature of surfactant in the lungs?
both phospholipids and proteins can contribute to its hydrophobic properties
phospholipids have two hydrophobic fatty acid chains
proteins can have hydrophobic side chains
how do you convert between normality and molarity?
if you know the molarity, you can convert to normality by multiplying the molarity * number of hydrogens or hydroxide ions in the acid or base
what is a colloid?
a suspension of particles that are larger than the size of an individual molecule
light shone through a colloidal mixture will be scattered
ex. muddy water
what AA form disulfide bonds?
cysteins can be reduced to cystitines
organic vs. inorganic acids?
organic acid: only carbon and hydrogen (ex. acetic acid)
inorganic acid: mineral acids (ex. HCl, H2SO4, HNO3)
what are the colors of visible light in the order of increasing energy and frequency?
(low) ROYGBIV (high)
infrared is lower than red in energy
untraviolet is higher than violet in energy
malonyl-CoA is produced from acetyl CoA through the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. what are the byproducts of this reaction?
ADP + Pi
a carboxylase enzyme adds a CO2 molecule to acetyl-CoA so CO2 can’t be a byproduct
how does the lipid composition in animals change during hibernation?
animals want to maintain membrane fluidity when temperatures are low
so they’ll replace saturated fat acids that pack well with unsaturated fatty acids
is palmitic acid saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?
saturated
palm tree = skinny, saturated, no kinks
is linoleic acid saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?
unsaturated
line, it’s not a line….unsaturated….
