Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Kaplan Full Length 3 > Bio/Biochem > Flashcards

Bio/Biochem Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

during starvation, the average human being can generate glucose from:

A

1) glycogen
2) the glycerol portion of triacylglycerol
3) amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is glucose stored as glycogen in the body?

A

the liver and muscle tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how can glucose be generated from triacylglycerol?

A

the glycerol portion can be turned into glucose via gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how can amino acids be used to generate glucose?

A

AA can be used as substrates for gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

does glycogen or triacylglycerol have more energy?

A

triacylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why acetyl-CoA converted to ketone bodies after a few weeks of starvation?

A

gluconeogenesis depletes the supply of oxaloacetate which is essential for the entry of acetyl-CoA into the Krebs Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what’s generated when you break down fatty acids?

A

acetly CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens after you eat a meal?

A

insulin secretion, glycogen systhesis and glycolysis

what doesn’t happen is glucagon secretion, gluconeogenesis, hydrolysis of triacylglycerol because those raise blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does gluconeogenesis do?

A

it’s kind of the reverse of glycolysis

it raises blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does insulin inhibit?

A

glucagon secretion

insulin decreases blood glucose levels

glucagon raises blood glucose levels so insulin would inhibit glucagon secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what term defines the tendency to have more sever symptoms and earlier onset with greater numbers of a CAG repeat?

A

increased expressivity

also knowns as anticipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are the dorsal root ganglia located?

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

processing units in the skin

a sensory nerve ending that is sensitive to mechanical stimuli, found in the dermis in various parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if RBC were grown on a medium that blocks the ETC, what would happen?

A

nothing, RBC don’t have organelles

so they don’t have mitochondria to even need the ETC

they produce ATP anerobically

ATP production would not change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the vitreous humor?

A

the transparent jellylike tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what would increased levels of H+ do to the anion gap?

A

it would increase it

you would need more base to make the solution a buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does hypoventilation result in??

A

decreased oxygen, increased CO2 levels

H2O + CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does hyperventilation result in?

A

increased oxygen, decreased CO2 levels

H2O + CO2 –> HCO3- + H+

the equilibrium has shifted right

metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens during isoelectric focusing?

A

amino acids migrate towards a pH near their pI

ex. aspartate has a pI of 3; if you’re at a pH of 4 then it will migrate towards the anode which is at a lower pH
ex. phenylalanine has a pI of 6; at a pH of 4 it would migrate towards the cathode which is at a higher pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what’s the pH of the anode?

A

acidic

low pH

things are getting oxidized, losing H+ so it’s acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the pH of the cathode?

A

basic

high pH

things are getting reduced, not a lot of H+ around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a frameshift mutation?

A

either an insertion or deletion

a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a missense mutation?

A

a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what’s a nonsense mutation?

A

a mutation in which a sense codon that corresponds to one of the twenty amino acids specified by the genetic code is changed to a chain-terminating codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are stop codons?
During protein formation, DNA (or RNA) nucleotide sequences are read three nucleotides at a time in units called codons, and each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal (stop codon) Stop codons are also called nonsense codons because they do not code for an amino acid and instead signal the end of protein synthesis
26
what is a silent mutation?
A form of point mutation resulting in a codon that codes for the same or a different amino acid but without any functional change in the protein product
27
what does the lysosome do?
an organelle that contains many enzymes that break down proteins also key in organelle recycling
28
what does the peroxisome do?
the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta-oxidation then they're shuttled to mitochondria where they are eventually broken down to carbon dioxide and water perioxisome replicates by division and does not contain its own genome
29
what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
the ER is in the cytoplasm SER helps with synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol in the liver, the SER helps with the breakdown of carcinogens in the adrenal gland and gonads, cholesterol is modified to a steroid hormone in the SER in muscle tissue, the SER stores calcium for CBC
30
what does a methylated gene mean?
methylated genes are inactive
31
where are 5'caps found?
mRNA not found in DNA!
32
what are introns?
Introns are noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein The sections of DNA (or RNA) that code for proteins are called exons
33
what are exons?
The sections of DNA (or RNA) that code for proteins are called exons
34
where are poly(A) tails found?
mRNA increases the stability of mRNA not found in DNA!
35
what is the founder effect?
when certain areas of the world have a higher frequency of a certain allele than other area like if two people with a disease move to an island and start reproducing then everyone there would probably have that disease and the frequency would be higher
36
what is disruptive selection?
also called diversifying selection describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values (double bell curve around 50) in this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups - increases genetic variance when natural selection selects for two or more extreme phenotypes that each have specific advantages ex. imagine a population of mice living at the beach where there is light-colored sand interspersed with patches of tall grass. In this scenario, light-colored mice that blend in with the sand would be favored, as well as dark-colored mice that can hide in the grass. Medium-colored mice, on the other hand, would not blend in with either the grass or the sand
37
what is stabilizing selection?
natural selection favors an average phenotype and selects against extreme variations genetic variance will decrease
38
what is directional stabilization?
a population's genetic variance shifts toward a new phenotype when exposed to environmental changes selects for phenotypes at one end of the spectrum of existing variation
39
what's the bottleneck effect?
events in which the number of individuals in a population is reduced drastically ex. a disease wiping out a population down to 20 individuals or being hunted down to 20 individuals you lose genetic variance
40
what is genetic drift?
the change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms when there are few copies of an allele, the effect of genetic drift is larger, and when there are many copies the effect is smaller--> the gene pool of a small population will be significantly altered by random mutations ex. 20 marbles in a jar --> Half of the marbles in the jar are red and half blue, and both colours correspond to two different alleles of one gene in the population --> In each new generation the organisms reproduce at random. To represent this reproduction, randomly select a marble from the original jar and deposit a new marble with the same colour as its "offspring" into a new jar. (The selected marble remains in the original jar.) Repeat this process until there are 20 new marbles in the second jar. The second jar then contains a second generation of "offspring," consisting of 20 marbles of various colours. Unless the second jar contains exactly 10 red marbles and 10 blue marbles, a random shift occurred in the allele frequencies.
41
what's the relationship between genetic drift and founder effect and bottleneck effect?
genetic drift can follow the pattern of founder effect and bottleneck effect but it can't cause them
42
how is mitochondrial DNA inherited?
only from the mom the sperm does not have any organelles
43
what's transcription?
DNA to RNA
44
what's translation?
RNA to proteins
45
what are antibiotics for?
bacteria! NOT viruses
46
what influences the rate of enzyme catalyzed reaction?
1) temperature 2) pH 3) salinity
47
what is the replication of somatic cells?
mitosis
48
what's the replication of reproductive cells?
meiosis
49
what is gastrulation?
during gastrulation, cell movements result in a massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into a multi-layered organism the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm form
50
what layer of protein structure is characterized by alpha helices and beta sheets?
secondary structure
51
what is heart rate?
beats per minute
52
what is cardiac output?
CO = HR X SV CO = (beats/minute)(liters/beat) = liters/minute
53
what does vasodilation or vasoconstriction do to blood flow?
vasodilation increases blood flow but decreases speed vasoconstriction decreases flood flow but increases speed
54
where is oxytocin synthesized and released from?
synthesized in the hypothalamus released from posterior pituitary
55
what gives rise to pseudopodia?
polymerization and depolymerization of actin actin is a microfilament
56
what are intermediate filaments important for?
cytoskeleton
57
what are microfilaments important for?
maintaining cell shape
58
what are centrioles important for?
centrioles are microtubule organizing centers
59
what regions an antibody are involved in antigenic hormone binding?
variable region of the light chain | variable region of the heavy chain
60
what is the constant region of the heavy chain in an antibody involved in?
cellular recognition
61
what is the constant region of the light chain in an antibody involved in?
the constant region of the light chain binds tightly to the constant region of the heavy chain
62
if an amino acid is subjected to electrophoresis at pH = 8.5 and migrates towards the anode, what is the isoelectric point of the amino acid?
less than 8.5 the anode oxidizes aka takes electrons if the AA moves towards the anode then it must have a net negative charge so to be neutral, it has to be protonated and you can do that by lowering the pH
63
during electrophoresis, what happens to an AA with a negative charge?
it moves towards the anode to be oxidized and lose the "extra" electrons and become neutral the pI of the AA would be lower than the current pH that it's in because it needs to gain H+ to become neutral since it's (-)
64
during electrophoresis, what happens to an AA with a positive charge?
it moves towards the cathode to be reduced and gain electrons to become neutral the pI of the AA would be higher than the current pH that it's in because it needs to lose H+ to become neutral since it's (+)
65
what energy source do cells that use direct phosphorylation have?
creatine phosphate does not require glucose metabolism ATP is not the energy storage molecule used for direct phosphorylation
66
what modifications occur during post-transcriptional processing?
1) addition of the 5' cap 2) splicing of exons 3) removal of introns 4) polyadenylation (poly-A tail)
67
what does polyadenylation do?
it occurs during post-transcriptional processing it protects the 3' end of mRNA from degradation
68
in what direction does translation occur?
translational machinery assmebles at the 5' end of mRNA
69
what happens to the primary transcripts?
they are made in the nucleus and exported to the cytoplasm
70
what does the nucleolus do?
site of rRNA transcription and processing the size of the nucleolus in a cell is proportional to the amount of protein produced by the cell = the more protein a cell needs, the more ribosomes it'll have and the bigger the nucleolus will be
71
where are alpha cells located?
pancreas
72
what cells would have large a nucleolus?
cancer cells they're replicating quickly and have high metabolic activity so they're making lots of proteins and their nucleolus is where rRNA is transcribed
73
what types of RNA are noncoding?
tRNA and rRNA
74
where is trypsinogen produced?
pancreas
75
where is amylase produced?
salivary glands and pancreas
76
what is the mitral valve?
bicuspid valve between the left atrium and right atrium
77
what is facilitated diffusion?
when a carrier molecule facilitates the diffusion of another molecule across a membrane along the molecules concentration gradient (not against, aka doesn't need ATP)

Kaplan Full Length 3 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions