CHEM/PHYS Flashcards
Lewis acid
Accepts electron pair
Visible light range
400 nm to 750 nm (purple to red)
Total internal reflection occurs when
The incident angle of light is greater than the critical angle
Light refraction occurs when
The incident angle of light is less than the critical angle
how to calculate the focal length
1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 2/r
Convex mirrors are
Divergent
Convex lens are
Convergent
magnification equation
M = -i / o
If M > 1, then it is larger than the obj
If M < 1, then it is smaller than the obj
Conduction transfer
Transfer heat via direct contact
Convection transfer
Through flow of fluids
Radiation
Heat transfer through EM waves
A more dense solvent would be ____ compared to the less dense solvent
On the bottom (Lower layer)
To calculate the empirical + molecular formula,
- Divide each mass by the MW (Periodic table)
- Divide by the smallest value from above
- Multiply to get to MW
Resolving agents are used to
Separate enatiomers by turning them into diastereomers
IR functional group: OH
3300 broad
IR functional group: NH
Around the same place as -OH (sharp, not broad though)
IR functional group: C tripe bond O/N
2200 medium
IR functional group: C double bond O
1750 sharp
IR functional group: C double bond C
1600 weak
We can detect aromatic groups on NMR at shifts ranging from _____.
~7-8 ppm
Electron capture
Converts proton to Neutron as a result of electron combining with proton
Positron emission (B+)
Unstable proton becomes neutron and positron
Electron emission (B-)
neutron go to proton
Apparent weight equation
W(app) = W(air) - Fb
W(air) => is the actual weight of the obj due to gravity
Fb => upward buoyant force
Archimedes principle
Body wholly or partially immersed in fluid will be buoyed upward by another force equal to the weight of fluid displacement
F(buoy) = p(fluid) * V(fluid displace) * g = p (fluid) * V(submerg) * g
Specific gravity equation
SG = p(substance)/p(water)
Hydrostatic pressure
Total pressure exerted by fluid on submerged object
P = Po + pgh
Fractional distillation works best for
Compounds with boiling points less than 25C apart
Vacuum distillation works best for
Boiling points of substance is greater than 150 C
Simple distillation
Below 150 C with at least 25 C or greater in boiling point
There’s an increase in reactivity with
Increasing atomic number
Wavelength + frequency eqna
Power equation
P = W/t
J / s
Newton’s law of motion eqns
V = Vo + at
V^2 = Vo^2 + 2ax
Xf-xi = Vo * t + 1/2at^2
Constructive interference occurs
At integer multiples
2d sin(theta) = nh
1 mol e- =
1 faraday
Closed pipe wavelength
L = (n/2)lambda
Lens strength equation
S = 1/f
Magnetic Lorentz force
F = q( v * B)
Henry’s law of solubility
C = Kh * Pgas
Amt of gas dissolved in a particular solvent is directional proportional to partial pressure of gas above
For ppm, what do we do?
Just multiply by 10^6
Conformational isomers
Same molecules that have different rotations
Self-ionization constant
Kw = [H3O][OH-] = 1 *10^-14
Bernoulli’s equation does …
Describe the flow of an ideal fluid within pipe between two points
True or false: Molecular weight of a compound in Amu = 1 mole
False. It would only equal to mol when it has been multiplied by Avogadro’s number
Is Diamagnetic attracted to magnets?
No, only paramagnetic is. Diamagnetic is weakly repelled.
Longer wavelengths ____ for refractions
Don’t refract as well as shorter wavelengths
Observed rotation equation
Isochoric process
Volume does not change
Potential energy of a spring
U = (1/2)kx^2
anhydride structure
What are phosphatides
Any fat with a phosphate group + choline
Phosphonic acid
If “o” is positive, then
object is in front of mirror
obj is on the same side of light source (lens)
If “I” is positive, then
Image is in front of mirror
Image is on the opposite side of lens
If “r” or “f” is positive, then
Mirror is concave (converging)
Lens is convex (converging)
If m is positive, then
Image is upright for both lenses and mirror
A Mnemonic for lenses if “o” is positive
UV NO IR
Upright image => virtual
No image formed when image on focal point
Inverted => Real
unit for pressure
N/m^2
Conversions between Pa, mmHg, torr, atm
101 kPa = 760 torr/atm = 1 atm
Gauge pressure
Amount of pressure in closed space above and beyond atm pressure
P(gauge) = Po + p * g * h - P(atm)
Pascal’s Principle
Change in pressure will be transmitted to every portion of the fluid and to the walls (hydrostatic)
ahesion
Attractive force to the other object
Viscosity
Resistance of fluid to flow
Pa * s = (N * s)/ m^2
Laminar + turbulent flow are governed by
Poiseuille’s law
When the fluid exceeds critical speed, then
Turbulence arises
Critical speed formula
Bernoulli’s Equation
Conservation of energy within a fluid (equal, but one part may increase to another to keep energy same)
1 V =
1 J / C
= U / q
Electric potential Energy
Potential difference
W (ab) / q
W (ab) => work needed to move charge
Electric field equation
E = (KQ)/r
Electric force equation
F (e) = (KQq)/r^2
Sublimation
Solid to gas
Effusion
Flow of gas from one compartment to the next thru opening
Graham’s Law
Enthalpy of fusion
heat needed to transition between the solid-liquid boundary
Raoult’s law
Accounts for vapor pressure depression as a result of solutes in solution
Nernst equation
Sliding brick physics
Is R/S configuration connected to polarization of light?
No, we would need more data to see if it’s L/D (or turns the polarized light)
Difference between R/S and L/D
R/S is more specific (1 center)
L/D is to the entire molecule
acetoacetate
acetone
hydroquinone
Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol
Benzoquinone
ethyl acetate
pyrrole
Furan
Acetic acid
Formic acid
Formaldehyde
Isomerization
Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule
Carboxylation
Adding a CO2 group
Carbonyl group
Any group that contains a C=O
KE of ejected electron
KE = hf - work function
Sound Intensity equation (dB)
Shorter reaction times prefer
Kinetic control
gibbs and equilibrium constant eqn
Ligase
Acts like a “glue”; sticks things together
Lyase
Breaks bonds
Extensive conjugations allows for
Color
Micro-
10^(-6)
Mili-
10^(-3) m
Nano-
10^(-9) m
Angstrom
10^(-10) m
1 g/mL =
1000 kg/cm^3
Some things to note for all the big units (tera, giga, kilo, ….)
They are all 10^3 apart from each other!!! just know the order(Tera, Giga, Mega, Kilo)
Near-sightedness (myopia) is fixed via
Use diverging concave lens
Far-sightedness (hyperopia) is fixed via
Converging Convex lens
Normal Phase TLC separates via
Polarity.
Nonpolar mobile phases and Polar stationary phases ares used
Kinetic friction is always
Constant
An increase in the angle of inclination would
Decrease the perpendicular component + kinetic friction
The anode is where
Oxidation occurs (usually makes aq => s)
When the [con] > Ksp
It has exceeded the limit of solubility
Sigma bonds are
Considered to be more stable than pi bonds
Reducing agent
Gives up electrons + causes reduction to happen in another element
Entropy equation
q/T
Monochromatic light
Light w/ single-wavelength
grated-diffraction
Splits light into several beams that travel in different direction =>
single-slit diffraction
a coherent light forced thru a small opening => diffraction pattern (constructive/destructive)
In RP-HPLC,
Stationary is nonpolar, while mobile is polar (complete opposite of NP-HPLC)
Enzymes do have an effect on
Kinetic via lowering the Activation Energy.
However, they DO NOT have one on equilibrium constant
1 mol of gas takes up
22.4 L at STP
Electron pair geometry + VESPR
(1) Linear
(2) Trigonal Planar
Bent
(3) Tetrahedral
Trigonal pyrimidal, bent
(4) Trigonal bipyrimidal
Sawhorse, T-shaped, Linear
(5) Octahedral
Square pyrimidal, Square planar, T-shaped, Linear
NADH/FADH2/NADPH/FADPH2 are all
reducing agent
1 NADH leads to
2 mole of electrons being emitted
Cytosine looks like
Guanine looks like
Does pH increase stability of DNA
yes
How can we increase the pI?
add a basic residues (lysine)
NADH and NAD structure
FADH2 and FAD+ structure
Specific activity
How much is the activity of the protein isolated
u (activity) / mg
Total Activity
Activity of the total protein purified
TA = total protein (mg) x specific activity of the desired protein (u / mg)
This should go down with each purification
% yield for purification
[TA of purified protein/TA of impurified protein] * 100
How much the TA has changed
Mega
10^6
For a resistor in series, the
Current is constant, but the voltage drop is not.
However, the voltage drop does accumulate to equal to source voltage
For a resistor in parallel, the
Current differs because there are multiple channels in which it can flow
However, the voltage drop is constant for each resistor
Mechanical waves require a
Medium for travel. This is unlike a EM wave, which doesn’t
Degree of unsaturation equation
DOU = C + 1 + N/2 - H/2 - X/2
X: Halogen
Ignore things that are not attached to Carbon chain
Each ring/pi-bond counts as 1
Lactam
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Equal sharing of electrons to both of the atoms (they need to be the same)
Alkanize
To make more basic
Phase changes are all
Horizontal on the phase change diagram; meaning the temperature does not shift at this location
On a cyclohexane molecule, a wedge means
Up
Density depends on the
Molecular weight of the molar mass of the solute
Equivalence points is where ?
In between the flat, buffering regions you dumb nut
NMR is affected by
electronegativity and Anisotropic effect
What is the anisotropic effect
Circulation of nearby pi electrons generates a magnetic field
If conjugated molecules are more stable, then the difference in the HOMO and LUMO is
Small
For UV-vis spectrum
Wavelengths not absorbed are reflected back to the viewer and become color of substance
Base peak is the
One with the highest relative abundance
For a reaction that dissociates into two ions cA and cB, the Ksp =
[A]^c * [B]^c
Power of a Voltage
P = IV = (V^2/R)
Work
Fdcos(theta)
or
P(deltaV)
1 pascal =
1 N / (m^2)
During the retro-adol reaction under (?) condition, we produce (?)
(1) base-catalyzed under heat
(2) ketone + aldehyde
For a nucleophile, a (?) would increase the its reactivity
Size
For multiple lenses placed in series, the magnification would increase via
Multiplying each of the individual magnification together
For gel electrophoresis, replacing an ionic compound with a molecular compound would
Interfere with the flow of electrons, leading to no migration of the added substrate
In gel electrophoresis, the negatively-charged DNA would migrate towards the
Anode (positively charged)
Faraday’s Law of electrolysis
I = (mol H2 * z * F)/ t
z = electrons transferred
t = time
F = Faraday’s constant (96,500 C)
Solubility tables provide
How soluble something is quantitatively.
Higher number => more soluble
Temperature dependence of Ksp
Whether the reaction is endothermic/exothermic
Definition of a focal point for a mirror
distance in front of a mirror at which reflected lights form image
Nucelophilic acyl substitution involves …
A nucleophilic attack on an acyl carbon
Rigid hydrogen bonding form
Dimers => increase melting point
When Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Sulfur are attached to something else, we denote it via
Putting a N-, O-, or S-
Hypothetically, a sound that is 30 dB lower is
1,000 times less intense
For an ideal battery, the terminal voltage is equal to
the electromotive force (e)
In a real battery system, what is the equation?
V = e - IR
More methyl groups there are …
the more non polar it is
To combine the lens strengths, you
Add them together
Coordination number is
the number of coordinate bonds
Amplitude of a wave is
Related to the energy of a wave
Coulomb’s Law
Diverging lens is a
Concave Lens
produces Virtual + Upright image
spherical aberrations
Outer part of the lens do not bring light rays into the same focus
Dispersion
Separating light into colors
Formal charge equation
FC = (Group #) - NBE - (1/2) BE
Gabriel Synthesis is known as
malnoic ester synthesis
Doppler Shift equation
Superheating is when
Liquid is above its boiling point, but does not boil
For haworth projeciton, if the group is pointing up, then it is
on a wedge
For a Fischer projection, if groups are vertical, then
they are on a dash
Polarizability
Unequal distribution of electron density
Mechanical advantage
Forces amplified using mechanical device/system
Anions flow toward the
Anode, not the cathod
Power and Force equation
P = F * v
Increasing the string’s tension would
Increase the frequency of the string
Capacitance equation
Q (charge) = C/V
A symmetric molecule does _____.
Not rotate plane-polarized light
Diverging Lens and Mirrors lead to
Small, Upright, and Virtual image
Diverging Lenses and Mirrors are
Concave + Convex, respectively
Beyond the focal point, an image is a _____ for Converging lens and mirrors
Inverted + Real
goes from Big to small as it goes beyond the radius of curvature
Converging Lens and Mirror is ___.
Convex and Concave, respectively.
Between the focal length and radius of curvature for converging lens and mirrors, then ____.
Big, Inverted, Real
Within the focal length for converging lens and mirrors
Big, Upright, Virtual
Optics
Log loop trick *who knows you might need it
Chemical shifts in NMR
The closer an atom is to an electronegative atom, the more ______ on the NMR spectrum
Deshielded
Watts * s =
Joule
P = E/t
If the pipe is narrower, then _____ (more/less) water must flow through it.
More to make up for the decrease in the surface area (continuity eqn)
pcc can only oxidize
primary/secondary alcohols to aldehydes/ketones only
Acetal (what does it look like??)
3300 stretch
(Triple bond): C - H
3100 stretch
(Double Bond): C - H
3000 stretch
C - H
C = O stretch
1810 - 1650
C = C (aromatic)
1600 - 1475 weak
C = O (amide)
1690 - 1650 strong
Slope of lineweaver-burk plot is
Cation-exchange sticks only
Positively charged things
Foce on a current-carrying wire
F(B) = ILBsin(theta)
Uniform Electric field equation
E = V/d
speed of sound
cannot travel thru vacuum
second harmonic is when
there’s 2 antinodes
Gram equivalent weight
Molar mass / n
Equivalents
Mass / Gram equivalent weight
Molarity
Normality / n
Venturi Effect
Reduction in fluid pressure with increase in fluid speed as it flows through constricted area
Poiseuille’s Law
Compares flow rate of non-ideal fluid with change in pressure, radius, viscosity, and length
If the passage mentions viscosity + non-ideal fluid, then it is mentioning
Poiseuille’s Law
If the passage mentions cross-sectional area, then it is mentioning
The Continuity Equation
If the passage mentions manometers + fluid along streamline pipe, then it is mentioning
Bernoulli’s Equatio
an ideal fluid is
incompressible + no resistance to flow (no viscosity)
Flow rate of blood
Pressure / Resistance
According to the Pouiselle’s law, blood pressure is ____ in the capillaries
Lower.
Remember we are decreasing the radius (to the power of four btw), which would actually decrease it
Efficiency is
Output Power / Input power
Energy(out) / Energy (In)
Note: do not mistake for Mechanical advatnage (force)
