CHEM/PHYS Flashcards

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1
Q

Lewis acid

A

Accepts electron pair

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2
Q

Visible light range

A

400 nm to 750 nm (purple to red)

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3
Q

Total internal reflection occurs when

A

The incident angle of light is greater than the critical angle

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4
Q

Light refraction occurs when

A

The incident angle of light is less than the critical angle

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5
Q

how to calculate the focal length

A

1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 2/r

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6
Q

Convex mirrors are

A

Divergent

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7
Q

Convex lens are

A

Convergent

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8
Q

magnification equation

A

M = -i / o

If M > 1, then it is larger than the obj
If M < 1, then it is smaller than the obj

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9
Q

Conduction transfer

A

Transfer heat via direct contact

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10
Q

Convection transfer

A

Through flow of fluids

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11
Q

Radiation

A

Heat transfer through EM waves

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12
Q

A more dense solvent would be ____ compared to the less dense solvent

A

On the bottom (Lower layer)

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13
Q

To calculate the empirical + molecular formula,

A
  1. Divide each mass by the MW (Periodic table)
  2. Divide by the smallest value from above
  3. Multiply to get to MW
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14
Q

Resolving agents are used to

A

Separate enatiomers by turning them into diastereomers

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15
Q

IR functional group: OH

A

3300 broad

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16
Q

IR functional group: NH

A

Around the same place as -OH (sharp, not broad though)

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17
Q

IR functional group: C tripe bond O/N

A

2200 medium

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18
Q

IR functional group: C double bond O

A

1750 sharp

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19
Q

IR functional group: C double bond C

A

1600 weak

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20
Q

We can detect aromatic groups on NMR at shifts ranging from _____.

A

~7-8 ppm

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21
Q

Electron capture

A

Converts proton to Neutron as a result of electron combining with proton

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22
Q

Positron emission (B+)

A

Unstable proton becomes neutron and positron

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23
Q

Electron emission (B-)

A

neutron go to proton

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24
Q

Apparent weight equation

A

W(app) = W(air) - Fb

W(air) => is the actual weight of the obj due to gravity
Fb => upward buoyant force

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25
Q

Archimedes principle

A

Body wholly or partially immersed in fluid will be buoyed upward by another force equal to the weight of fluid displacement

F(buoy) = p(fluid) * V(fluid displace) * g = p (fluid) * V(submerg) * g

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26
Q

Specific gravity equation

A

SG = p(substance)/p(water)

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27
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Total pressure exerted by fluid on submerged object

P = Po + pgh

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28
Q

Fractional distillation works best for

A

Compounds with boiling points less than 25C apart

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29
Q

Vacuum distillation works best for

A

Boiling points of substance is greater than 150 C

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30
Q

Simple distillation

A

Below 150 C with at least 25 C or greater in boiling point

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31
Q

There’s an increase in reactivity with

A

Increasing atomic number

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32
Q

Wavelength + frequency eqna

A
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33
Q

Power equation

A

P = W/t

J / s

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34
Q

Newton’s law of motion eqns

A

V = Vo + at

V^2 = Vo^2 + 2ax

Xf-xi = Vo * t + 1/2at^2

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35
Q

Constructive interference occurs

A

At integer multiples

2d sin(theta) = nh

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36
Q

1 mol e- =

A

1 faraday

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37
Q

Closed pipe wavelength

A

L = (n/2)lambda

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38
Q

Lens strength equation

A

S = 1/f

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39
Q

Magnetic Lorentz force

A

F = q( v * B)

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40
Q

Henry’s law of solubility

A

C = Kh * Pgas

Amt of gas dissolved in a particular solvent is directional proportional to partial pressure of gas above

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41
Q

For ppm, what do we do?

A

Just multiply by 10^6

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42
Q

Conformational isomers

A

Same molecules that have different rotations

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43
Q

Self-ionization constant

A

Kw = [H3O][OH-] = 1 *10^-14

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44
Q

Bernoulli’s equation does …

A

Describe the flow of an ideal fluid within pipe between two points

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45
Q

True or false: Molecular weight of a compound in Amu = 1 mole

A

False. It would only equal to mol when it has been multiplied by Avogadro’s number

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46
Q

Is Diamagnetic attracted to magnets?

A

No, only paramagnetic is. Diamagnetic is weakly repelled.

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47
Q

Longer wavelengths ____ for refractions

A

Don’t refract as well as shorter wavelengths

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48
Q

Observed rotation equation

A
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49
Q

Isochoric process

A

Volume does not change

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50
Q

Potential energy of a spring

A

U = (1/2)kx^2

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51
Q

anhydride structure

A
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52
Q

What are phosphatides

A

Any fat with a phosphate group + choline

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53
Q

Phosphonic acid

A
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54
Q

If “o” is positive, then

A

object is in front of mirror

obj is on the same side of light source (lens)

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55
Q

If “I” is positive, then

A

Image is in front of mirror

Image is on the opposite side of lens

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56
Q

If “r” or “f” is positive, then

A

Mirror is concave (converging)

Lens is convex (converging)

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57
Q

If m is positive, then

A

Image is upright for both lenses and mirror

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58
Q

A Mnemonic for lenses if “o” is positive

A

UV NO IR

Upright image => virtual

No image formed when image on focal point

Inverted => Real

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59
Q

unit for pressure

A

N/m^2

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60
Q

Conversions between Pa, mmHg, torr, atm

A

101 kPa = 760 torr/atm = 1 atm

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61
Q

Gauge pressure

A

Amount of pressure in closed space above and beyond atm pressure

P(gauge) = Po + p * g * h - P(atm)

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62
Q

Pascal’s Principle

A

Change in pressure will be transmitted to every portion of the fluid and to the walls (hydrostatic)

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63
Q

ahesion

A

Attractive force to the other object

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64
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance of fluid to flow

Pa * s = (N * s)/ m^2

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65
Q

Laminar + turbulent flow are governed by

A

Poiseuille’s law

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66
Q

When the fluid exceeds critical speed, then

A

Turbulence arises

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67
Q

Critical speed formula

A
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68
Q

Bernoulli’s Equation

A

Conservation of energy within a fluid (equal, but one part may increase to another to keep energy same)

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69
Q

1 V =

A

1 J / C

= U / q

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70
Q

Electric potential Energy

A
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71
Q

Potential difference

A

W (ab) / q

W (ab) => work needed to move charge

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72
Q

Electric field equation

A

E = (KQ)/r

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73
Q

Electric force equation

A

F (e) = (KQq)/r^2

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74
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid to gas

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75
Q

Effusion

A

Flow of gas from one compartment to the next thru opening

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76
Q

Graham’s Law

A
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77
Q

Enthalpy of fusion

A

heat needed to transition between the solid-liquid boundary

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78
Q

Raoult’s law

A

Accounts for vapor pressure depression as a result of solutes in solution

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79
Q

Nernst equation

A
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80
Q

Sliding brick physics

A
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81
Q

Is R/S configuration connected to polarization of light?

A

No, we would need more data to see if it’s L/D (or turns the polarized light)

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82
Q

Difference between R/S and L/D

A

R/S is more specific (1 center)

L/D is to the entire molecule

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83
Q

acetoacetate

A
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84
Q

acetone

A
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85
Q

hydroquinone

A
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86
Q

Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol

A
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87
Q

Benzoquinone

A
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88
Q

ethyl acetate

A
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89
Q

pyrrole

A
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90
Q

Furan

A
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91
Q

Acetic acid

A
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92
Q

Formic acid

A
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93
Q

Formaldehyde

A
94
Q

Isomerization

A

Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule

95
Q

Carboxylation

A

Adding a CO2 group

96
Q

Carbonyl group

A

Any group that contains a C=O

97
Q

KE of ejected electron

A

KE = hf - work function

98
Q

Sound Intensity equation (dB)

A
99
Q

Shorter reaction times prefer

A

Kinetic control

100
Q

gibbs and equilibrium constant eqn

A
101
Q

Ligase

A

Acts like a “glue”; sticks things together

102
Q

Lyase

A

Breaks bonds

103
Q

Extensive conjugations allows for

A

Color

104
Q

Micro-

A

10^(-6)

105
Q

Mili-

A

10^(-3) m

106
Q

Nano-

A

10^(-9) m

107
Q

Angstrom

A

10^(-10) m

108
Q

1 g/mL =

A

1000 kg/cm^3

109
Q

Some things to note for all the big units (tera, giga, kilo, ….)

A

They are all 10^3 apart from each other!!! just know the order(Tera, Giga, Mega, Kilo)

110
Q

Near-sightedness (myopia) is fixed via

A

Use diverging concave lens

111
Q

Far-sightedness (hyperopia) is fixed via

A

Converging Convex lens

112
Q

Normal Phase TLC separates via

A

Polarity.
Nonpolar mobile phases and Polar stationary phases ares used

113
Q

Kinetic friction is always

A

Constant

114
Q

An increase in the angle of inclination would

A

Decrease the perpendicular component + kinetic friction

115
Q

The anode is where

A

Oxidation occurs (usually makes aq => s)

116
Q

When the [con] > Ksp

A

It has exceeded the limit of solubility

117
Q

Sigma bonds are

A

Considered to be more stable than pi bonds

118
Q

Reducing agent

A

Gives up electrons + causes reduction to happen in another element

119
Q

Entropy equation

A

q/T

120
Q

Monochromatic light

A

Light w/ single-wavelength

121
Q

grated-diffraction

A

Splits light into several beams that travel in different direction =>

122
Q

single-slit diffraction

A

a coherent light forced thru a small opening => diffraction pattern (constructive/destructive)

123
Q

In RP-HPLC,

A

Stationary is nonpolar, while mobile is polar (complete opposite of NP-HPLC)

124
Q

Enzymes do have an effect on

A

Kinetic via lowering the Activation Energy.

However, they DO NOT have one on equilibrium constant

125
Q

1 mol of gas takes up

A

22.4 L at STP

126
Q

Electron pair geometry + VESPR

A

(1) Linear
(2) Trigonal Planar
Bent
(3) Tetrahedral
Trigonal pyrimidal, bent

(4) Trigonal bipyrimidal
Sawhorse, T-shaped, Linear

(5) Octahedral
Square pyrimidal, Square planar, T-shaped, Linear

127
Q

NADH/FADH2/NADPH/FADPH2 are all

A

reducing agent

128
Q

1 NADH leads to

A

2 mole of electrons being emitted

129
Q

Cytosine looks like

A
130
Q

Guanine looks like

A
131
Q

Does pH increase stability of DNA

A

yes

132
Q

How can we increase the pI?

A

add a basic residues (lysine)

133
Q

NADH and NAD structure

A
134
Q

FADH2 and FAD+ structure

A
135
Q

Specific activity

A

How much is the activity of the protein isolated

u (activity) / mg

136
Q

Total Activity

A

Activity of the total protein purified

TA = total protein (mg) x specific activity of the desired protein (u / mg)

This should go down with each purification

137
Q

% yield for purification

A

[TA of purified protein/TA of impurified protein] * 100

How much the TA has changed

138
Q

Mega

A

10^6

139
Q

For a resistor in series, the

A

Current is constant, but the voltage drop is not.

However, the voltage drop does accumulate to equal to source voltage

140
Q

For a resistor in parallel, the

A

Current differs because there are multiple channels in which it can flow

However, the voltage drop is constant for each resistor

141
Q

Mechanical waves require a

A

Medium for travel. This is unlike a EM wave, which doesn’t

142
Q

Degree of unsaturation equation

A

DOU = C + 1 + N/2 - H/2 - X/2

X: Halogen

Ignore things that are not attached to Carbon chain

Each ring/pi-bond counts as 1

143
Q

Lactam

A
144
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

Equal sharing of electrons to both of the atoms (they need to be the same)

145
Q

Alkanize

A

To make more basic

146
Q

Phase changes are all

A

Horizontal on the phase change diagram; meaning the temperature does not shift at this location

147
Q

On a cyclohexane molecule, a wedge means

A

Up

148
Q

Density depends on the

A

Molecular weight of the molar mass of the solute

149
Q

Equivalence points is where ?

A

In between the flat, buffering regions you dumb nut

150
Q

NMR is affected by

A

electronegativity and Anisotropic effect

151
Q

What is the anisotropic effect

A

Circulation of nearby pi electrons generates a magnetic field

152
Q

If conjugated molecules are more stable, then the difference in the HOMO and LUMO is

A

Small

153
Q

For UV-vis spectrum

A

Wavelengths not absorbed are reflected back to the viewer and become color of substance

154
Q

Base peak is the

A

One with the highest relative abundance

155
Q

For a reaction that dissociates into two ions cA and cB, the Ksp =

A

[A]^c * [B]^c

156
Q

Power of a Voltage

A

P = IV = (V^2/R)

157
Q

Work

A

Fdcos(theta)

or

P(deltaV)

158
Q

1 pascal =

A

1 N / (m^2)

159
Q

During the retro-adol reaction under (?) condition, we produce (?)

A

(1) base-catalyzed under heat

(2) ketone + aldehyde

160
Q

For a nucleophile, a (?) would increase the its reactivity

A

Size

161
Q

For multiple lenses placed in series, the magnification would increase via

A

Multiplying each of the individual magnification together

162
Q

For gel electrophoresis, replacing an ionic compound with a molecular compound would

A

Interfere with the flow of electrons, leading to no migration of the added substrate

163
Q

In gel electrophoresis, the negatively-charged DNA would migrate towards the

A

Anode (positively charged)

164
Q

Faraday’s Law of electrolysis

A

I = (mol H2 * z * F)/ t

z = electrons transferred
t = time
F = Faraday’s constant (96,500 C)

165
Q

Solubility tables provide

A

How soluble something is quantitatively.

Higher number => more soluble

166
Q

Temperature dependence of Ksp

A

Whether the reaction is endothermic/exothermic

167
Q

Definition of a focal point for a mirror

A

distance in front of a mirror at which reflected lights form image

168
Q

Nucelophilic acyl substitution involves …

A

A nucleophilic attack on an acyl carbon

169
Q

Rigid hydrogen bonding form

A

Dimers => increase melting point

170
Q

When Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Sulfur are attached to something else, we denote it via

A

Putting a N-, O-, or S-

171
Q

Hypothetically, a sound that is 30 dB lower is

A

1,000 times less intense

172
Q

For an ideal battery, the terminal voltage is equal to

A

the electromotive force (e)

173
Q

In a real battery system, what is the equation?

A

V = e - IR

174
Q

More methyl groups there are …

A

the more non polar it is

175
Q

To combine the lens strengths, you

A

Add them together

176
Q

Coordination number is

A

the number of coordinate bonds

177
Q

Amplitude of a wave is

A

Related to the energy of a wave

178
Q

Coulomb’s Law

A
179
Q

Diverging lens is a

A

Concave Lens

produces Virtual + Upright image

180
Q

spherical aberrations

A

Outer part of the lens do not bring light rays into the same focus

181
Q

Dispersion

A

Separating light into colors

182
Q

Formal charge equation

A

FC = (Group #) - NBE - (1/2) BE

183
Q

Gabriel Synthesis is known as

A

malnoic ester synthesis

184
Q

Doppler Shift equation

A
185
Q

Superheating is when

A

Liquid is above its boiling point, but does not boil

186
Q

For haworth projeciton, if the group is pointing up, then it is

A

on a wedge

187
Q

For a Fischer projection, if groups are vertical, then

A

they are on a dash

188
Q

Polarizability

A

Unequal distribution of electron density

189
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

Forces amplified using mechanical device/system

190
Q

Anions flow toward the

A

Anode, not the cathod

191
Q

Power and Force equation

A

P = F * v

192
Q

Increasing the string’s tension would

A

Increase the frequency of the string

193
Q

Capacitance equation

A

Q (charge) = C/V

194
Q

A symmetric molecule does _____.

A

Not rotate plane-polarized light

195
Q

Diverging Lens and Mirrors lead to

A

Small, Upright, and Virtual image

196
Q

Diverging Lenses and Mirrors are

A

Concave + Convex, respectively

197
Q

Beyond the focal point, an image is a _____ for Converging lens and mirrors

A

Inverted + Real

goes from Big to small as it goes beyond the radius of curvature

198
Q

Converging Lens and Mirror is ___.

A

Convex and Concave, respectively.

199
Q

Between the focal length and radius of curvature for converging lens and mirrors, then ____.

A

Big, Inverted, Real

200
Q

Within the focal length for converging lens and mirrors

A

Big, Upright, Virtual

201
Q

Optics

A
202
Q

Log loop trick *who knows you might need it

A
203
Q

Chemical shifts in NMR

A
204
Q

The closer an atom is to an electronegative atom, the more ______ on the NMR spectrum

A

Deshielded

205
Q

Watts * s =

A

Joule

P = E/t

206
Q

If the pipe is narrower, then _____ (more/less) water must flow through it.

A

More to make up for the decrease in the surface area (continuity eqn)

207
Q

pcc can only oxidize

A

primary/secondary alcohols to aldehydes/ketones only

208
Q

Acetal (what does it look like??)

A
209
Q

3300 stretch

A

(Triple bond): C - H

210
Q

3100 stretch

A

(Double Bond): C - H

211
Q

3000 stretch

A

C - H

212
Q

C = O stretch

A

1810 - 1650

213
Q

C = C (aromatic)

A

1600 - 1475 weak

214
Q

C = O (amide)

A

1690 - 1650 strong

215
Q

Slope of lineweaver-burk plot is

A
216
Q

Cation-exchange sticks only

A

Positively charged things

217
Q

Foce on a current-carrying wire

A

F(B) = ILBsin(theta)

218
Q

Uniform Electric field equation

A

E = V/d

219
Q

speed of sound

A

cannot travel thru vacuum

220
Q

second harmonic is when

A

there’s 2 antinodes

221
Q

Gram equivalent weight

A

Molar mass / n

222
Q

Equivalents

A

Mass / Gram equivalent weight

223
Q

Molarity

A

Normality / n

224
Q

Venturi Effect

A

Reduction in fluid pressure with increase in fluid speed as it flows through constricted area

225
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Compares flow rate of non-ideal fluid with change in pressure, radius, viscosity, and length

226
Q

If the passage mentions viscosity + non-ideal fluid, then it is mentioning

A

Poiseuille’s Law

227
Q

If the passage mentions cross-sectional area, then it is mentioning

A

The Continuity Equation

228
Q

If the passage mentions manometers + fluid along streamline pipe, then it is mentioning

A

Bernoulli’s Equatio

229
Q

an ideal fluid is

A

incompressible + no resistance to flow (no viscosity)

230
Q

Flow rate of blood

A

Pressure / Resistance

231
Q

According to the Pouiselle’s law, blood pressure is ____ in the capillaries

A

Lower.

Remember we are decreasing the radius (to the power of four btw), which would actually decrease it

232
Q

Efficiency is

A

Output Power / Input power

Energy(out) / Energy (In)

Note: do not mistake for Mechanical advatnage (force)