CHEM/PHYS Flashcards by benny ko

Lewis acid

Accepts electron pair

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Visible light range

400 nm to 750 nm (purple to red)

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Total internal reflection occurs when

The incident angle of light is greater than the critical angle

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Light refraction occurs when

The incident angle of light is less than the critical angle

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how to calculate the focal length

1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 2/r

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Convex mirrors are

Divergent

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Convex lens are

Convergent

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magnification equation

M = -i / o

If M > 1, then it is larger than the obj
If M < 1, then it is smaller than the obj

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Conduction transfer

Transfer heat via direct contact

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Convection transfer

Through flow of fluids

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Radiation

Heat transfer through EM waves

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A more dense solvent would be ____ compared to the less dense solvent

On the bottom (Lower layer)

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To calculate the empirical + molecular formula,

Divide each mass by the MW (Periodic table)
Divide by the smallest value from above
Multiply to get to MW

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Resolving agents are used to

Separate enatiomers by turning them into diastereomers

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IR functional group: OH

3300 broad

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IR functional group: NH

Around the same place as -OH (sharp, not broad though)

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IR functional group: C tripe bond O/N

2200 medium

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IR functional group: C double bond O

1750 sharp

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IR functional group: C double bond C

1600 weak

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We can detect aromatic groups on NMR at shifts ranging from _____.

~7-8 ppm

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Electron capture

Converts proton to Neutron as a result of electron combining with proton

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Positron emission (B+)

Unstable proton becomes neutron and positron

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Electron emission (B-)

neutron go to proton

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Apparent weight equation

W(app) = W(air) - Fb

W(air) => is the actual weight of the obj due to gravity
Fb => upward buoyant force

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Archimedes principle

Body wholly or partially immersed in fluid will be buoyed upward by another force equal to the weight of fluid displacement

F(buoy) = p(fluid) * V(fluid displace) * g = p (fluid) * V(submerg) * g

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Specific gravity equation

SG = p(substance)/p(water)

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Hydrostatic pressure

Total pressure exerted by fluid on submerged object

P = Po + pgh

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Fractional distillation works best for

Compounds with boiling points less than 25C apart

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Vacuum distillation works best for

Boiling points of substance is greater than 150 C

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Simple distillation

Below 150 C with at least 25 C or greater in boiling point

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There’s an increase in reactivity with

Increasing atomic number

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Wavelength + frequency eqna

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Power equation

P = W/t

J / s

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Newton’s law of motion eqns

V = Vo + at

V^2 = Vo^2 + 2ax

Xf-xi = Vo * t + 1/2at^2

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Constructive interference occurs

At integer multiples

2d sin(theta) = nh

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1 mol e- =

1 faraday

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Closed pipe wavelength

L = (n/2)lambda

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Lens strength equation

S = 1/f

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Magnetic Lorentz force

F = q( v * B)

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Henry’s law of solubility

C = Kh * Pgas

Amt of gas dissolved in a particular solvent is directional proportional to partial pressure of gas above

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For ppm, what do we do?

Just multiply by 10^6

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Conformational isomers

Same molecules that have different rotations

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Self-ionization constant

Kw = [H3O][OH-] = 1 *10^-14

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Bernoulli’s equation does …

Describe the flow of an ideal fluid within pipe between two points

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True or false: Molecular weight of a compound in Amu = 1 mole

False. It would only equal to mol when it has been multiplied by Avogadro’s number

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Is Diamagnetic attracted to magnets?

No, only paramagnetic is. Diamagnetic is weakly repelled.

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Longer wavelengths ____ for refractions

Don’t refract as well as shorter wavelengths

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Observed rotation equation

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Isochoric process

Volume does not change

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Potential energy of a spring

U = (1/2)kx^2

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anhydride structure

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What are phosphatides

Any fat with a phosphate group + choline

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Phosphonic acid

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If “o” is positive, then

object is in front of mirror

obj is on the same side of light source (lens)

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If “I” is positive, then

Image is in front of mirror

Image is on the opposite side of lens

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If “r” or “f” is positive, then

Mirror is concave (converging)

Lens is convex (converging)

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If m is positive, then

Image is upright for both lenses and mirror

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A Mnemonic for lenses if “o” is positive

UV NO IR

Upright image => virtual

No image formed when image on focal point

Inverted => Real

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unit for pressure

N/m^2

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Conversions between Pa, mmHg, torr, atm

101 kPa = 760 torr/atm = 1 atm

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Gauge pressure

Amount of pressure in closed space above and beyond atm pressure

P(gauge) = Po + p * g * h - P(atm)

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Pascal’s Principle

Change in pressure will be transmitted to every portion of the fluid and to the walls (hydrostatic)

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ahesion

Attractive force to the other object

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Viscosity

Resistance of fluid to flow

Pa * s = (N * s)/ m^2

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Laminar + turbulent flow are governed by

Poiseuille’s law

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When the fluid exceeds critical speed, then

Turbulence arises

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Critical speed formula

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Bernoulli’s Equation

Conservation of energy within a fluid (equal, but one part may increase to another to keep energy same)

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1 V =

1 J / C

= U / q

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Electric potential Energy

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Potential difference

W (ab) / q

W (ab) => work needed to move charge

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Electric field equation

E = (KQ)/r

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Electric force equation

F (e) = (KQq)/r^2

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Sublimation

Solid to gas

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Effusion

Flow of gas from one compartment to the next thru opening

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Graham’s Law

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Enthalpy of fusion

heat needed to transition between the solid-liquid boundary

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Raoult’s law

Accounts for vapor pressure depression as a result of solutes in solution

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Nernst equation

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Sliding brick physics

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Is R/S configuration connected to polarization of light?

No, we would need more data to see if it’s L/D (or turns the polarized light)

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Difference between R/S and L/D

R/S is more specific (1 center)

L/D is to the entire molecule

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acetoacetate

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acetone

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hydroquinone

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Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol

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Benzoquinone

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ethyl acetate

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pyrrole

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Furan

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Acetic acid

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Formic acid

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Formaldehyde

Isomerization

Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule

Carboxylation

Adding a CO2 group

Carbonyl group

Any group that contains a C=O

KE of ejected electron

KE = hf - work function

Sound Intensity equation (dB)

Shorter reaction times prefer

Kinetic control

gibbs and equilibrium constant eqn

Ligase

Acts like a “glue”; sticks things together

Lyase

Breaks bonds

Extensive conjugations allows for

Color

Micro-

10^(-6)

Mili-

10^(-3) m

Nano-

10^(-9) m

Angstrom

10^(-10) m

1 g/mL =

1000 kg/cm^3

Some things to note for all the big units (tera, giga, kilo, ….)

They are all 10^3 apart from each other!!! just know the order(Tera, Giga, Mega, Kilo)

Near-sightedness (myopia) is fixed via

Use diverging concave lens

Far-sightedness (hyperopia) is fixed via

Converging Convex lens

Normal Phase TLC separates via

Polarity.
Nonpolar mobile phases and Polar stationary phases ares used

Kinetic friction is always

Constant

An increase in the angle of inclination would

Decrease the perpendicular component + kinetic friction

The anode is where

Oxidation occurs (usually makes aq => s)

When the [con] > Ksp

It has exceeded the limit of solubility

Sigma bonds are

Considered to be more stable than pi bonds

Reducing agent

Gives up electrons + causes reduction to happen in another element

Entropy equation

q/T

Monochromatic light

Light w/ single-wavelength

grated-diffraction

Splits light into several beams that travel in different direction =>

single-slit diffraction

a coherent light forced thru a small opening => diffraction pattern (constructive/destructive)

In RP-HPLC,

Stationary is nonpolar, while mobile is polar (complete opposite of NP-HPLC)

Enzymes do have an effect on

Kinetic via lowering the Activation Energy.

However, they DO NOT have one on equilibrium constant

1 mol of gas takes up

22.4 L at STP

Electron pair geometry + VESPR

(1) Linear
(2) Trigonal Planar
Bent
(3) Tetrahedral
Trigonal pyrimidal, bent

(4) Trigonal bipyrimidal
Sawhorse, T-shaped, Linear

(5) Octahedral
Square pyrimidal, Square planar, T-shaped, Linear

NADH/FADH2/NADPH/FADPH2 are all

reducing agent

1 NADH leads to

2 mole of electrons being emitted

Cytosine looks like

Guanine looks like

Does pH increase stability of DNA

yes

How can we increase the pI?

add a basic residues (lysine)

NADH and NAD structure

FADH2 and FAD+ structure

Specific activity

How much is the activity of the protein isolated

u (activity) / mg

Total Activity

Activity of the total protein purified

TA = total protein (mg) x specific activity of the desired protein (u / mg)

This should go down with each purification

% yield for purification

[TA of purified protein/TA of impurified protein] * 100

How much the TA has changed

Mega

10^6

For a resistor in series, the

Current is constant, but the voltage drop is not.

However, the voltage drop does accumulate to equal to source voltage

For a resistor in parallel, the

Current differs because there are multiple channels in which it can flow

However, the voltage drop is constant for each resistor

Mechanical waves require a

Medium for travel. This is unlike a EM wave, which doesn’t

Degree of unsaturation equation

DOU = C + 1 + N/2 - H/2 - X/2

X: Halogen

Ignore things that are not attached to Carbon chain

Each ring/pi-bond counts as 1

Lactam

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Equal sharing of electrons to both of the atoms (they need to be the same)

Alkanize

To make more basic

Phase changes are all

Horizontal on the phase change diagram; meaning the temperature does not shift at this location

On a cyclohexane molecule, a wedge means

Density depends on the

Molecular weight of the molar mass of the solute

Equivalence points is where ?

In between the flat, buffering regions you dumb nut

NMR is affected by

electronegativity and Anisotropic effect

What is the anisotropic effect

Circulation of nearby pi electrons generates a magnetic field

If conjugated molecules are more stable, then the difference in the HOMO and LUMO is

Small

For UV-vis spectrum

Wavelengths not absorbed are reflected back to the viewer and become color of substance

Base peak is the

One with the highest relative abundance

For a reaction that dissociates into two ions cA and cB, the Ksp =

[A]^c * [B]^c

Power of a Voltage

P = IV = (V^2/R)

Work

Fdcos(theta)

P(deltaV)

1 pascal =

1 N / (m^2)

During the retro-adol reaction under (?) condition, we produce (?)

(1) base-catalyzed under heat

(2) ketone + aldehyde

For a nucleophile, a (?) would increase the its reactivity

Size

For multiple lenses placed in series, the magnification would increase via

Multiplying each of the individual magnification together

For gel electrophoresis, replacing an ionic compound with a molecular compound would

Interfere with the flow of electrons, leading to no migration of the added substrate

In gel electrophoresis, the negatively-charged DNA would migrate towards the

Anode (positively charged)

Faraday’s Law of electrolysis

I = (mol H2 * z * F)/ t

z = electrons transferred
t = time
F = Faraday’s constant (96,500 C)

Solubility tables provide

How soluble something is quantitatively.

Higher number => more soluble

Temperature dependence of Ksp

Whether the reaction is endothermic/exothermic

Definition of a focal point for a mirror

distance in front of a mirror at which reflected lights form image

Nucelophilic acyl substitution involves …

A nucleophilic attack on an acyl carbon

Rigid hydrogen bonding form

Dimers => increase melting point

When Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Sulfur are attached to something else, we denote it via

Putting a N-, O-, or S-

Hypothetically, a sound that is 30 dB lower is

1,000 times less intense

For an ideal battery, the terminal voltage is equal to

the electromotive force (e)

In a real battery system, what is the equation?

V = e - IR

More methyl groups there are …

the more non polar it is

To combine the lens strengths, you

Add them together

Coordination number is

the number of coordinate bonds

Amplitude of a wave is

Related to the energy of a wave

Coulomb’s Law

Diverging lens is a

Concave Lens

produces Virtual + Upright image

spherical aberrations

Outer part of the lens do not bring light rays into the same focus

Dispersion

Separating light into colors

Formal charge equation

FC = (Group #) - NBE - (1/2) BE

Gabriel Synthesis is known as

malnoic ester synthesis

Doppler Shift equation

Superheating is when

Liquid is above its boiling point, but does not boil

For haworth projeciton, if the group is pointing up, then it is

on a wedge

For a Fischer projection, if groups are vertical, then

they are on a dash

Polarizability

Unequal distribution of electron density

Mechanical advantage

Forces amplified using mechanical device/system

Anions flow toward the

Anode, not the cathod

Power and Force equation

P = F * v

Increasing the string’s tension would

Increase the frequency of the string

Capacitance equation

Q (charge) = C/V

A symmetric molecule does _____.

Not rotate plane-polarized light

Diverging Lens and Mirrors lead to

Small, Upright, and Virtual image

Diverging Lenses and Mirrors are

Concave + Convex, respectively

Beyond the focal point, an image is a _____ for Converging lens and mirrors

Inverted + Real

goes from Big to small as it goes beyond the radius of curvature

Converging Lens and Mirror is ___.

Convex and Concave, respectively.

Between the focal length and radius of curvature for converging lens and mirrors, then ____.

Big, Inverted, Real

Within the focal length for converging lens and mirrors

Big, Upright, Virtual

Optics

Log loop trick *who knows you might need it

Chemical shifts in NMR

The closer an atom is to an electronegative atom, the more ______ on the NMR spectrum

Deshielded

Watts * s =

Joule

P = E/t

If the pipe is narrower, then _____ (more/less) water must flow through it.

More to make up for the decrease in the surface area (continuity eqn)

pcc can only oxidize

primary/secondary alcohols to aldehydes/ketones only

Acetal (what does it look like??)

3300 stretch

(Triple bond): C - H

3100 stretch

(Double Bond): C - H

3000 stretch

C - H

C = O stretch

1810 - 1650

C = C (aromatic)

1600 - 1475 weak

C = O (amide)

1690 - 1650 strong

Slope of lineweaver-burk plot is

Cation-exchange sticks only

Positively charged things

Foce on a current-carrying wire

F(B) = ILBsin(theta)

Uniform Electric field equation

E = V/d

speed of sound

cannot travel thru vacuum

second harmonic is when

there’s 2 antinodes

Gram equivalent weight

Molar mass / n

Equivalents

Mass / Gram equivalent weight

Molarity

Normality / n

Venturi Effect

Reduction in fluid pressure with increase in fluid speed as it flows through constricted area

Poiseuille’s Law

Compares flow rate of non-ideal fluid with change in pressure, radius, viscosity, and length

If the passage mentions viscosity + non-ideal fluid, then it is mentioning

Poiseuille’s Law

If the passage mentions cross-sectional area, then it is mentioning

The Continuity Equation

If the passage mentions manometers + fluid along streamline pipe, then it is mentioning

Bernoulli’s Equatio

an ideal fluid is

incompressible + no resistance to flow (no viscosity)

Flow rate of blood

Pressure / Resistance

According to the Pouiselle’s law, blood pressure is ____ in the capillaries

Lower.

Remember we are decreasing the radius (to the power of four btw), which would actually decrease it

Efficiency is

Output Power / Input power

Energy(out) / Energy (In)

Note: do not mistake for Mechanical advatnage (force)

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