chem paper 1 Flashcards by A.R H.A.

what is the structure of an ionic compound?

giant regular lattice structure

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what type of force is between what type of ions in ionic compounds?

strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

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what is the melting/boiling point of iconic compounds like?

high

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why are the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds high?

the strong attraction between ions take more energy to break

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why can’t ionic compounds not conduct electricity when solid?

the ions are fixed into pace and can’t move

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why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten?

the ions are free to move, so they can carry an electric current

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in what state can ionic compounds conduct electricity?

molten/liquid

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what is another way ionic compounds can conduct electricity?

when dissolved in a solution

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why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved?

the ions are free to move in the solution, so they can carry an electric current

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what is ionic bonding?

the transfer of electrons between a metal and no metal

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what substance is a common example of ionic bonding?

salt

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in terms of electrons , what happens to the metal and non metal in ionic bonding?

the metal loses an electron (becomes positively charged), while the non the metal gains an electron (becomes negatively charged)

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what is it commonly called when oppositely charged ions are attracted by electrostatic forces?

ionic bonding

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what are the 3 types of bonding?

ionic, covalent and metallic

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what is the structure of an covalent molecule?

simple molecular substance

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what is covalent bonding?

a bond that forms when a pair of electrons are shared between 2 atoms

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what diagram is used to show covalent bonding?

dot and cross with overlapping shells

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what diagram is used to show ionic bonding?

dot and cross formed like a reactant to product equation

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what are the forces between covalent molecules like in contrast to covalent bonding?

very weak

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what is the melting/boiling point of simple covalent compounds like?

low

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why are the melting and boiling points of covalent compounds low?

because you only need to break the weak intermolecular forces of attraction

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what state are covalent compound usually at room temperature?

liquids or gasses

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what happens to the intermolecular forces of attraction as a molecule gets bigger?

the force increases

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what happens to the melting and boiling points of covalent compounds if the molecule gets bigger?

increase in temp due to more energy needed to break them

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do covalent compound conduct electricity?

why can't covalent compounds conduct electricity?

they do not have any free electrons or ions

what are polymers?

chains of covalently bonded carbon atoms

What is the charge of an electron?

Negative

What is the charge of a proton?

Positive

What is the charge of a neutron

Neutral

What is an ion?

An atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

What happens to an atom if it gains or loses and electron?

It becomes an ion

What groups are most likely to form ions?

Groups 1, 2, 6 and 7

What charge do group 1 and 2 elements typically have?

Group 1: 1+ | Group 2: 2+

What charge do group 6 and 7 elements typically have?

Group 6: 2- | Group 7: 1-

What are group 1 and 2 elements?

Metals

What are group 6 and 7 elements?

Non metals

What are anions?

Negative ions that have gained electrons

What are cations?

Positive ions that have lost electrons

What stupid saying is a good way to remember the metals reactivity series?

People Say Little Children Make A Zebra Ill Constantly Sniffing Giraffes.

In which direction does reactivity increase in group 1?

Downwards

In with direction does reactivity increase in group 7?

Upwards

What do the periods down the side of the periodic table represent?

How many shells the element has in its atom

How are giant covalent structures bonded?

Atoms are bonded by strong covalent bonds

What are the melting and boiling points of giant covalent structures like?

High

Why are the melting and boiling points of giant covalent structures high?

The strong covalent bonds require more energy to break them

What are some examples of carbon based giant covalent structures?

Dimond, graphite and graphene

What are diamonds make up of?

A network of carbon atoms that each form 4 covalent bonds

How is graphite different to diamond?

Each carbon atom only forms 3 covalent bonds

What are the forces like between sheets of graphite?

Weak intermolecular forces

What do the week intermolecular forces between sheets of graphite make it good for?

Dry lubrication

What is graphite's melting point like?

High

What is the equation to find concentration?

Concentration (Gdm³) = mass (g) ÷ volume (dm)

What is the molecular formula?

The actual number of each atom in a molecule

What is the empirical formula?

The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a molecule

What would the relative formula mass of H₂O₂ when the mass is H = 1 and O = 16?

1 + 1 + 16 + 16 =34

What would the empirical formula of H₂O₂ be?

What does Mr stand for?

relative molecular mass

What does Ar stand for?

Relative atomic mass

What is the formula to find the number of moles?

of moles = mass of element/compound ÷ Mr or Ar of element

What is Avogadro's constant?

6.02 × 10²³

What does one mole equal?

6.02 + 10²³ (Avogadro's constant)

What is the mass of one mole of a particular atom equal to?

The atomic mass on the periodic table

What is another way to find the number of moles in a sample?

of moles = mass of sample ÷ mass of one mole of that element

What is another word for "balance" equation?

Stoichiometric

What is it called when the atoms of an element go around in pairs?

Diatomic molecule

What are fullerenes?

Molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes or hollow spheres

How are atoms usually arranged in fullerenes?

Hexagons (sometimes Pentagons or heptagons)

What is the molecular formula of a buckminsterfullerene?

C60

Are buckminsterfullerene's stable or unstable?

Stable

What can fullerenes be used for?

'Caging' other molecules. This could be used to deliver drugs directly to cells in the body.

What do fullerenes have?

Huge surface area

What is graphene?

A type of fullerene that is a single layer of graphite (one atom thick)

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

Only 3 of the 4 electrons are used in bonds, so the 4th one is delocalised (free)

There are 6 steps to an experiment finding the empirical formula of magnesium oxide what is step 1?

1. Weigh the mass of my ribbon an dthe mass of the crucible

There are 6 steps to an experiment finding the empirical formula of magnesium oxide what is step 2?

2. Coil mg ribbon and place it in the crucible with the lid at an angle to allow oxygen to enter

There are 6 steps to an experiment finding the empirical formula of magnesium oxide what is step 3?

3. Place the crucible into a pipe-clay triangle on a tri pod and light a bunsen burner

There are 6 steps to an experiment finding the empirical formula of magnesium oxide what is step 4?

4. After 5 mins/once mg has stopped glowing remove from bunsen burner and allow to cool

There are 6 steps to an experiment finding the empirical formula of magnesium oxide what is step 5?

5. Once the crucible is cool to touch, weigh the crucible and its contents

There are 6 steps to an experiment finding the empirical formula of magnesium oxide what is step 6?

6. Subtract the mass of the crucible and the Mg from the MgO to find the mass of the oxygen. From there you can calculate the empirical formula.

What does it mean by a limiting reactant?

Reactions stop when on reactant has been used up. This limits the amount of product formed.

If the amount of limiting reactant is decreased, then the amount of product made will.......

Decrease

If the amount of limiting reactant is increased, then the amount of product made will.......

Increase

If the amount of an excess reactant is increased, then the amount of product made will.......

Not change

What do acids form in water?

H+ ions

What do soluble alkaline bases form in water?

OH- ions

What is produced during a naturalisation reaction?

Salt and water

What produces a naturalisation reaction?

An acid and a base

What is the ionic equation of a naturalisation reaction?

H+ + OH- → H²O

What is the neutralisation equation for hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide?

NaOH (base) + HCl (acid) → H2O (water) + NaCl (salt)

What colour would litmus paper change to in acidic solutions?

Red

What colour would litmus paper change to in neutral solutions?

Purple

What colour would litmus paper change to in alkaline solutions?

Blue

What colour would methyl orange change to in acidic solutions?

Red

What colour would methyl orange change to in neutral or alkaline solutions?

Yellow

What colour would phenolphthalein change to in acidic or neutral solutions?

It would remain colour less

What colour would phenolphthalein change to in alkaline solutions?

Pink

All acids ionise in solutions, what does this mean?

Splitting up to produce H+ ions and another ion

What do strong acids do?

Ionise almost completely in water

What are examples of strong acids?

Sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acid

What pH do strong acids tent to have?

Low pH (0-2)

What do weak acids do?

Not fully ionise in solutions

What examples of weak acids are there?

Ethanoic, citric and carbonic acid

What pH do weak acids tent to have?

High pH (2-6)

What does acid strength tell you?

What proportion of the acid molecules ionise in water

What does concentration of an acid measure?

How much acid there is in a litre

An acid with a large number of acid molecules compared to the volume of water is said to be.....

Concentrated

An acid with a small number of acid molecules compared to the volume of water is said to be.....

Dilute

What can concentration be measured in?

g dm‐³ or mol dm‐³

What does the concentration of H+ ion increase by?

A factor of 10

If the concentration of H+ ions increases by a factor of 10, what does the pH decrease by?

If you decrease the H+ ion concentration by a factor of 10 what happens to the pH?

Increases by 1

What salt would hydrochloric acid produce?

Chloride salt

What salt would sulfuric acid produce?

Sulfate salts

What salt would nitric acid produce?

Nitrate salts

Acid + ______or______ → salt + water

Acid + metal oxide or metal hydroxide → salt + water

Acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + _________

Acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

How do you test for hydrogen?

Lit splint test in a test tube. It should a "squeaky pop"

What is the cause of the "squeaky pop" in the test for hydrogen?

The hydrogen burning with oxygen in the air to produce water

How do you test for carbon dioxide?

Bubbling carbon dioxide thought lime water will turn cloudy

Common salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium are.....

Soluble

Nitrates are....

Soluble

Common chloride are.....

Soluble (except silver chloride and lead chloride)

Common sulfates are.....

Soluble (except lead, barium and calcium sulfate)

Common carbonated and hydroxide are......

Insoluble (except sodium, potassium and ammonium ones)