Chem - Organic chem SL&HL Flashcards
What is Organic Chemistry
Field of chemistry which studies carbon-based compounds
What is a homologous Series
- a series of compounds of the same family, with the same general formula, which differ from each other by a common structural unit.
- homologous series which contain functional group also have similar physical and chemical properties within the series.
Physical properties of homologous series
as length of the chain increases:
- the boiling point increases
- increase in SA
- greater chance of intermolecular bonding
- more energy to break bonds
IUPAC - root names, based off of number of C atoms
1 Cabon: meth-
2 Carbon: eth-
3 Carbon: prop-
4 Carbon: but-
5 Carbon: pent-
6 Carbon: hex-
7 Carbon: hept-
8 Carbon: oct-
IUPAC - identifying the type of bonding in chain or ring
a. all single bonds: -an-
b. one double bond: -en-
c. one triple bond: -yn-
IUPAC - identify functional or alkyl group
Alkane: -e
Hydroxyl: -ol
Amine: amino-
Amide: -amide
Nitrile: -nitrile
Halo: chloro-,bromo-, iodo-
Aldehyde: -al
Ketone: -one
Carboxylic Acid: -oic acid
ether: -oxy-
ester: -oate-
what is the last step of IUPAC naming?
use numbers to give position of groups or bonds along chain, always choosing the lowest number
Primary compounds
C-atoms bonded to functional group is also bonded to ONE other C-atom
Secondary compounds
C-atom bonded to functional group is also bonded to TWO other C-atoms
Tertiary compounds
C-atom bonded to functional group is also bonded to THREE other C-atoms
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons
- contain hydrogen and carbon only
CnH2n+2
- only single bonded
- saturated
- “-ane”
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons
- contain hydrogen and carbon only
CnH2n
- double bond
- unsaturated
- “-ene”
- position of double bond must be specified
-functional group: alkenyl
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons
- contain hydrogen and carbon only
CnH2n-2
- triple bond
- unsaturated
- “-yne”
- position of triple bond must be specified
-functional group: alkynyl
Arenes
Hydrocarbons
- contain hydrogen and carbon only
CnHn
- collective name given to compounds with one or more rings with pi electron that are delocalised throughout the rings
- functional group: phenyl
- Benzene
Halogenoalkanes
CnH2n+1X
- X - halogen
- “chloro-“, “bromo-“, “iodo-“
- “-ane”
- position of the halogen must be specified by numbering the Carbon
- if there is more than on of each halogen - di,tri or tetra must be used
Alcohols
functional group: -OH, hydroxyl
- CnH2n+1OH
- “-ol”
- primary,secondary, tertiary
Ethers
functional group: R – O –R, ether
- CnH2n+2O
- each R-group is given an alkyl name
“-ane”
Carbonyls
functional group: C=O
- CnH2nO
- subfamilies: aldehyde and ketone
Aldehydes
- when carbonyl group is a tthe end of the chain
functional group: -RCHO - “-al”
- will always be on number 1 carbon
Ketones
-minimum of 3 carbons
functional group: RCOR
-“-one”
- # for carbon must be used
aldehydes vs ketones
show similar chemical reactions - similar functional groups arrangments
differences in chemistry are due to the involvements of the H in aldehyde or nature of R group
differences in electronegativity between C=O menas its polar
- dipole attraction between molecules
- higher boiling point
-solubiliyt in water
Carboxylic acid
functional group: carboxyl, -COOH
-CnH2n+1COOH, RCOOH
- “-oic acid”
Esters
functional group: carboxylate, -COOR
- RCOOR
- “-oate”
alkyl + alkanoate
e.g. methyl ethanoate
carboxylic acids vs esters
contain similarities in chemical and physical properties
- H-bonds are present between carbpxylic acid molecules, and not between esters.
- this affects melting, boiling ang solubility
- carboxylic acids: smaller chain are soluble in water and have higher melting points
- esters: insoluble in water and have lower boiling points than carboxylic acids
Amines
functional group: -NH2
-CnH2n+2NH2, RNH2
“amino+alkane”