Chem of Life: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Flashcards
Organic Compounds:
- Made inside living bodies
- not found in nature
what element do all organic compounds contain?
Carbon (C)
Groups of Organic compounds:
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
(vitamins)
Dehydration synthesis:
Process to make a larger organic compound
ANABOLIC reaction
*water is chemically REMOVED
Hydrolysis:
Break down a larger molecule into smaller molecules (eg. digestion)
CATABOLIC process
*water is chemically ADDED
Many monomers make a…
Polymer
(5 organic compounds = 5 polymers)
Carbohydrate monomer
Monosaccharides
Protein: monomer
Amino acids
Lipids: monomer
Esters
* 1 glycerol molecule
* 3 fatty acid molecules
Nucleic Acid: monomer
DNA nucleotides
RNA nucleotides
Vitamins:
(Diet)
*outside source
(Food / supplements)
Carbohydrate: bond
Glycosidic bond
Protein: bond
Peptide bond
Lipids: bond
(Many) ester bonds
2+H: 1O
Nucleic acids: bond
Hydrogen bond
Monosaccaride:
Monomers (building blocks of carbs)
- SIMPLE SUGARS (dissolve in water)
Disaccharide
Made up of: 2 monosaccharides
Chemically bonded: GLYCOSIDIC BOND
- Simple sugars (dissolve)
Polysaccaride:
Made up of: Many monosaccharides & disaccarides
GLUCOSIDIC BONDS
Complex sugars (insoluble)
All carbohydrates have these ELEMENTS in their structure:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
2H: 1O
Names of disaccarides
- Maltose
- Lactose
- Sucrose
Enzymes acting as biocatalysts:
- Maltase
- Lactase
- Sucrase
2 products of hydrolysis (SUBSTRATES)
- Glucose + glucose = MALTOSE
- glucose + galactose = LACTOSE
- Glucose + fructose = SUCROSE
Why are carbohydrates biologically important?
- Carbohydrates are stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals
- Glucose is the fuel for cellular respiration, most important source of energy in living organisms.
- Cellulose forms/ gives structure to cell walls of plants and is not digested by humans so is important for roughage in diet (PERISTALSIS)
Enzyme functions
- Lower amount of activation energy needed to start the chemical reaction.
(Facilitate change: hydrolysis/ dehydration synthesis)
*nothing happens to molecules until enzymes ACTIVATE - Once acted on disaccaride —> SPEEDS UP chemical reaction
Examples of POLYSACCHARIDES
- Cellulose
- Starch (plants)
- Glycogen (animals)
(Complex sugars)
Proteins:
- macromolecules (extremely large molecules)
- main structural components of all cells
- specific shape : specific function
(Differentiation —> specialisation)
ELEMENTS : protein
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
**
Phosphorus (P)
Sulphur (S)
Iron (Fe)
20 different Amino acids
Different proteins : different amino acid SEQUENCES
Amino acids:
Chemically bonded (PEPTIDE BOND)
Less than 50 amino acids bonded : POLYPEPTIDE
50+ anime acids bonded : PROTEIN
Why are proteins biologically important?
- Proteins are the main building blocks of materials of all living organisms (eg. Keratin = skin)
- Proteins of cell membrane helps control passage of substances into and out of the cell.
- Chromosomes are made up of proteins (histones) and DNA
What are enzymes?
Special PROTEINS
-help with metabolism (chemical reactions)
Proteins are sensitive to:
- pH (acids and alkalis on scale)
- temperature (degrees)
Exposed to: HIGH temperatures & incorrect pH
(Up / down from optimum)
DENATURES
Enzyme loses shape at active site and no longer functions
(Can’t recover)
Exposed to: LOW temperatures
INACTIVE
function slows down
(Can recover)
All enzymes : BIOCATALYSTS
(Molecules which facilitate/ help chemical processes)
- START chemical reactions by LOWERING amount of activation energy needed
- SPEED UP reaction: products form quicker
Enzymes do not change during chemical reactions:
- Reusable in other chemical reactions
(Substance enzyme works on: SUBSTRATE)
Enzymes function with:
LOCK-KEY MECHANISM
bonds with substrate at ACTIVE site
Active site when enzyme denatures: CHANGES SHAPE
Enzymes are part of everyday life:
Enzymes added to detergents to help break down stains in clothing during washing.
Define the term ‘optimal’ temperature
Best temperature for best functioning of enzymes
Enzymes prefer acidic solution:
Won’t function in alkaline solution
Lock & key mechanism explained:
- The active site on the enzyme is complementary to that of the substrate.
- The substrate’s shape (key) fits into the specific enzyme’s active site (lock)
- The metabolic process happens (anabolic/ catabolic) and products are formed.
- The enzyme detaches and can be reused as its active site is not changed.
Use the lock- key mechanism to explain the formation of lactose (monosaccharide)
- Glucose and galactose are SUBSTRATES
- They join the ENZYME lactase at the Active site
- This makes an ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
- It joins at the active site of the enzyme lactase because it has a COMPLEMENTARY SHAPE
- lactase builds a GLYCOSIDIC BOND between glucose and galactose to form Lactose
- This is an ANABOLIC reaction that occurs by Dehydration synthesis
(water is removed from glucose and galactose to bond the ) - The PRODUCT lactose is formed and is SEPARATED from Lactase
- Lactase has not changed and can be REUSED on another set of substrates (glucose & galactose)
Lipids: 2 groups
Fats (solid @ room temp
Oils (liquid @ room temp)
ELEMENTS : LIPIDS
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Monomer : ester (4 parts)
One glycerol
3 fatty acid molecules
Chemically bonded:
Ester bonds
2+H: 1O
Ratio of Hydrogen to oxygen
(Different to carbs)
- lipids easy to burn
- energy released for body to use for metabolism
Why are lipids biologically important?
- Energy rich food source in plants and animals (primary source)
- Insulation under skin of warm blooded (endothermic) animals
- Phospholipids form double layer in cell membrane which controls passage of substances in and out of cell
Where are nucleotides found?
Found in nucleus
2 types:
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Elements: nucleotides
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Monomers
(DNA nucleotides / RNA nucleotides)
3 parts:
- Phosphate portion
- Sugar portion** (deoxyribose sugar/ ribose sugar)
- Nitrogenous base
