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Life Sciences > Chem of Life: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS > Flashcards

Chem of Life: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Flashcards

1
Q

Organic Compounds:

A
  • Made inside living bodies
  • not found in nature
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2
Q

what element do all organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon (C)

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3
Q

Groups of Organic compounds:

A

-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acids
(vitamins)

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4
Q

Dehydration synthesis:

A

Process to make a larger organic compound
ANABOLIC reaction
*water is chemically REMOVED

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5
Q

Hydrolysis:

A

Break down a larger molecule into smaller molecules (eg. digestion)
CATABOLIC process
*water is chemically ADDED

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6
Q

Many monomers make a…

A

Polymer
(5 organic compounds = 5 polymers)

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7
Q

Carbohydrate monomer

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

Protein: monomer

A

Amino acids

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9
Q

Lipids: monomer

A

Esters
* 1 glycerol molecule
* 3 fatty acid molecules

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10
Q

Nucleic Acid: monomer

A

DNA nucleotides

RNA nucleotides

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11
Q

Vitamins:

A

(Diet)
*outside source
(Food / supplements)

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12
Q

Carbohydrate: bond

A

Glycosidic bond

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13
Q

Protein: bond

A

Peptide bond

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14
Q

Lipids: bond

A

(Many) ester bonds
2+H: 1O

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15
Q

Nucleic acids: bond

A

Hydrogen bond

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16
Q

Monosaccaride:

A

Monomers (building blocks of carbs)
- SIMPLE SUGARS (dissolve in water)

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17
Q

Disaccharide

A

Made up of: 2 monosaccharides
Chemically bonded: GLYCOSIDIC BOND
- Simple sugars (dissolve)

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18
Q

Polysaccaride:

A

Made up of: Many monosaccharides & disaccarides
GLUCOSIDIC BONDS
Complex sugars (insoluble)

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19
Q

All carbohydrates have these ELEMENTS in their structure:

A

Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)

2H: 1O

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20
Q

Names of disaccarides

A
  1. Maltose
  2. Lactose
  3. Sucrose
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21
Q

Enzymes acting as biocatalysts:

A
  1. Maltase
  2. Lactase
  3. Sucrase
22
Q

2 products of hydrolysis (SUBSTRATES)

A
  1. Glucose + glucose = MALTOSE
  2. glucose + galactose = LACTOSE
  3. Glucose + fructose = SUCROSE
23
Q

Why are carbohydrates biologically important?

A
  1. Carbohydrates are stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals
  2. Glucose is the fuel for cellular respiration, most important source of energy in living organisms.
  3. Cellulose forms/ gives structure to cell walls of plants and is not digested by humans so is important for roughage in diet (PERISTALSIS)
24
Q

Enzyme functions

A
  1. Lower amount of activation energy needed to start the chemical reaction.
    (Facilitate change: hydrolysis/ dehydration synthesis)
    *nothing happens to molecules until enzymes ACTIVATE
  2. Once acted on disaccaride —> SPEEDS UP chemical reaction
25
Q

Examples of POLYSACCHARIDES

A
  1. Cellulose
  2. Starch (plants)
  3. Glycogen (animals)

(Complex sugars)

26
Q

Proteins:

A
  • macromolecules (extremely large molecules)
  • main structural components of all cells
  • specific shape : specific function

(Differentiation —> specialisation)

27
Q

ELEMENTS : protein

A

Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)

**
Phosphorus (P)
Sulphur (S)
Iron (Fe)

28
Q

20 different Amino acids

A

Different proteins : different amino acid SEQUENCES

29
Q

Amino acids:

A

Chemically bonded (PEPTIDE BOND)

Less than 50 amino acids bonded : POLYPEPTIDE
50+ anime acids bonded : PROTEIN

30
Q

Why are proteins biologically important?

A
  1. Proteins are the main building blocks of materials of all living organisms (eg. Keratin = skin)
  2. Proteins of cell membrane helps control passage of substances into and out of the cell.
  3. Chromosomes are made up of proteins (histones) and DNA
31
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Special PROTEINS

-help with metabolism (chemical reactions)

32
Q

Proteins are sensitive to:

A
  • pH (acids and alkalis on scale)
  • temperature (degrees)
33
Q

Exposed to: HIGH temperatures & incorrect pH

(Up / down from optimum)

A

DENATURES

Enzyme loses shape at active site and no longer functions
(Can’t recover)

34
Q

Exposed to: LOW temperatures

A

INACTIVE
function slows down
(Can recover)

35
Q

All enzymes : BIOCATALYSTS

A

(Molecules which facilitate/ help chemical processes)

  • START chemical reactions by LOWERING amount of activation energy needed
  • SPEED UP reaction: products form quicker
36
Q

Enzymes do not change during chemical reactions:

A
  1. Reusable in other chemical reactions
    (Substance enzyme works on: SUBSTRATE)
37
Q

Enzymes function with:

A

LOCK-KEY MECHANISM

bonds with substrate at ACTIVE site
Active site when enzyme denatures: CHANGES SHAPE

38
Q

Enzymes are part of everyday life:

A

Enzymes added to detergents to help break down stains in clothing during washing.

39
Q

Define the term ‘optimal’ temperature

A

Best temperature for best functioning of enzymes

40
Q

Enzymes prefer acidic solution:

A

Won’t function in alkaline solution

41
Q

Lock & key mechanism explained:

A
  • The active site on the enzyme is complementary to that of the substrate.
  • The substrate’s shape (key) fits into the specific enzyme’s active site (lock)
  • The metabolic process happens (anabolic/ catabolic) and products are formed.
  • The enzyme detaches and can be reused as its active site is not changed.
42
Q

Use the lock- key mechanism to explain the formation of lactose (monosaccharide)

A
  1. Glucose and galactose are SUBSTRATES
  2. They join the ENZYME lactase at the Active site
  3. This makes an ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
  4. It joins at the active site of the enzyme lactase because it has a COMPLEMENTARY SHAPE
  5. lactase builds a GLYCOSIDIC BOND between glucose and galactose to form Lactose
  6. This is an ANABOLIC reaction that occurs by Dehydration synthesis
    (water is removed from glucose and galactose to bond the )
  7. The PRODUCT lactose is formed and is SEPARATED from Lactase
  8. Lactase has not changed and can be REUSED on another set of substrates (glucose & galactose)
43
Q

Lipids: 2 groups

A

Fats (solid @ room temp

Oils (liquid @ room temp)

44
Q

ELEMENTS : LIPIDS

A

Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)

45
Q

Monomer : ester (4 parts)

A

One glycerol

3 fatty acid molecules

46
Q

Chemically bonded:

A

Ester bonds
2+H: 1O

47
Q

Ratio of Hydrogen to oxygen

A

(Different to carbs)
- lipids easy to burn
- energy released for body to use for metabolism

48
Q

Why are lipids biologically important?

A
  1. Energy rich food source in plants and animals (primary source)
  2. Insulation under skin of warm blooded (endothermic) animals
  3. Phospholipids form double layer in cell membrane which controls passage of substances in and out of cell
49
Q

Where are nucleotides found?

A

Found in nucleus

50
Q

2 types:

A
  1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  2. RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
51
Q

Elements: nucleotides

A

Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)

52
Q

Monomers
(DNA nucleotides / RNA nucleotides)
3 parts:

A
  1. Phosphate portion
  2. Sugar portion** (deoxyribose sugar/ ribose sugar)
  3. Nitrogenous base

Life Sciences (4 decks)

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