chem final Flashcards
1
Q
carbs are made of
A
C,H, and O
energy source, ends in “ose”
2
Q
monosaccharides
A
simplest, cannot be split (glucose)
3
Q
disacccharides
A
2 monosaccharides joined, split by hydrosis
formed by dehydration
maltose, lactose, sucrose
4
Q
polysaccharides
A
contains many monosaccharides, can be split by hydrolysis (sucrose +h20)
amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen
formed by glucose rings
5
Q
aldehyde
A
on the end, carbon 1
6
Q
carbonyl
A
C=O
7
Q
ketone
A
between two carbons
8
Q
structural isomer
A
same molecular formula, dif arrangment
9
Q
stereoisomer
A
double bond, look at H, seperate C atoms
10
Q
chiral
A
completely matched, non-superimposable images
e.g. shoes
can be sorted into left and right
11
Q
achiral
A
identical mirror images
e.g. socks
cannot be sorted
12
Q
chirality center
A
C atom in tetrahedral
13
Q
achiral center
A
structures are not aligned
14
Q
vertical lines
A
bonds project backwards
15
Q
horizontal lines
A
bonds project forward
16
Q
glyceraldehyde
A
1 chiral C
17
Q
important monosaccharides
A
glucose, galactose, fructose
18
Q
Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides
A
open chains, more stable form pentoses and hexoses
closed ring structure
19
Q
alpha isomer
A
OH is below ring
20
Q
beta isomer
A
OH is above ring
21
Q
oxidation of monosaccharides
A
aldehyde group forms a carboxylic acid
increases # of C-O bonds
22
Q
reduction of monosaccharides
A
decrease C-O bonds
produces alcohol
used in many sweeteners for “sugar free”
23
Q
hyperglycimia
A
high levels of glucose, turns urine red
24
Q
glycosidic bond
A
connects to monosaccharides
25
in Splenda, some of the hydroxyl groups are replaced with
Cl atoms
26
starch
20% amylose, 80% amylopectin
27
amylose
straight chain of glucose
⍺-1-->4
28
amylopectin
branched chain of glucose
⍺-1-->6
29
glycogen
maintains blood glucose levels, branched
stored in the liver and muscles
30
cellulose
all glucose units, straight chain, cannot be digested, insoluble in water
wood, cotton
31
carboxylic acids
weak acid, sour taste, produce H30+ in water, neutralize bases
32
IUPAC Names of Carboxylic Acids
replace "e" of alkane name with "oic acid"
33
Properties of Carboxylic Acids
2 polar groups (hydroxyl & carbonyl)
dissociation in h20
most acidic
weak acids
34
esters
carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol
35
esterfication
presence of heat and acid catalyst (excess alcohol)
36
carboxylate ion shows a name change from
ic acid to ate ion
37
small esters
volatile (evaporate easily)
38
amines
contain nitrogen, derivatives of ammonia (NH3)
39
alkyl
straight chain carbon
40
aromatic amines
analine
41
alkyl groups attached to nitrogen (of analine) are named with the prefix
N- followed by the akyl name
on aromatic ring
42
Solubility of Amines in Water
Amines have polar N–H bonds, they form hydrogen bonds with water
hydrogen bonding: N,O,F
43
primary amine:
more soluable
44
smaller amines are soluble because of
hydrogen bonding amines
45
amines with long nonpolar chains are
insoluable
46
ammonia
Bronsted-Lowry base (accepts H+ from water, acid)
47
amine (base)
accepts H+
reacts with an acid to
form an ammonium salt; no water is formed (salt instead)
48
amides
Compounds containing nitrogen; derivatives of carboxylic acids in
which a nitrogen replaces the hydroxyl group
49
amide bond
C-N
50
OH group (from carboxylic acid) and an H (from amine) form
water
51
1-5 C atom amides are
soluable
52
hydrolysis
breakage of a chemical bond to form a carboxylate salt and an amine
53
biomolecules
large structures with activity
54
lipids
a family of biomolecules that have the common property of being soluble in organic solvents but not in water
55
Fatty acids
long, unbranched carbon chain with a carboxylic acid group at end
insoluble in water
56
hydrophilic
water-loving (carbon chain hydrophobic)
57
Saturated fatty acid
single bonds
solid at room temp
58
Unsaturated fatty acid
double bonds
cannot stack
lower melting points
liquid at room temp
59
Monounsaturated fatty acid
1 double bond
60
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
2 double bonds
healthiest
61
shorthand notation
12:0
12 carbon atoms, 0 double bonds
62
Unsaturated fatty acids can be drawn as
cis or trans
63
Saturated fatty acids fit
closely together in a regular pattern, which allows dispersion forces between carbon chains
64
dispersion forces
hard to break apart, lots of heat to break
65
unsaturated fatty acids, the cis double bonds cause the carbon chain to
“bend”, giving an irregular shape
66
atherosclerosis
plaque in the arteries
Omega-3 fatty acids reduce this
67
In the body, fatty acids are stored as
triglycerides, tri-esters of glycerol and fatty acids
68
Three hydroxyl groups of glycerol form
ester bonds
69
Fats are triglycerides that are ______ at room temp
solid
70
Oils are triglycerides that are ______ at room temp
liquid
71
Ester bonds are split by ____ in the presence of strong acids
water
72
Saponification of Triglycerides
ester + strong base --> carboxylate salt and alcohol
73
phospholipids
PO4 + amino alcohol (nitrogen)
74
glycerophospholipids
contain both polar and nonpolar regions
75
Sphingomyelin
No glycerol; contains sphingosine (long-chain amino alcohol)
76
steroid
four fused rings (3 cylcohexane, 1 cyclopentane)
nonpolar, 2 methyl groups
77
cholesterol
One of the most important and abundant steroids in the body
Soluble in organic solvents, but not water (lipid)
78
lipoproteins
transports fat to where its needed
insoluble in blood, outer polar surface
79
LDL
BAD
carries cholesterol to tissues where its used for synthesis of cell membranes
80
HDL
GOOD
picks up from tissue, carries where its needed
81
steroid hormones
chemical messengers that serve as a
communication system from one part of the body to another
82
hydrophilic interactions
polar R groups (water loving)
83
hydrophobic interactions
nonpolar R groups
84
salt bridge (ionic)
+ and - polar
85
hydrogen bonds
H of polar group and O or N of amino acid
86
disulfide bonds
covalent bonds form -SH groups
87
denature of proteins
external conditions do not affect order of proteins, looses structure
88
enzyme
speeds up chemical reactions
all enzymes end in -ase
specific, occurs at active site
89
Two or more amino acids are also called a
peptide
90
the most abundant protein in body
collagen
91
1° structural level
specific sequence of amino acids in polypeptide
92
2° structural level
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet (hydrogen bonds)
93
3° structural level
R groups
94
Three components of nucleotides
1) A base that contains nitrogen
2) A five carbon sugar
3) A phosphate group
95
The sugar in RNA is
Ribose
96
The sugar in DNA is
deoxyribose
97
Nucleotide
combination of phosphate and nucleoside
98
Nucleic acids are ________ chains of many
nucleotides
unbranched
99
When an aldehyde is reduced (addition of H2), a(n) __________ is produced:
alcohol
100
oxidizing agent [O] is being added which converts an alcohol to a
ketone
101
A glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides is also a(n):
ether bond
102
The peptide bonds that link amino acids in a protein are:
amide bonds
103
Transcription
the genetic information for the synthesis of a protein is copied from DNA to make mRNA
104
Translation
tRNA molecules convert the information (in mRNA) into amino acids
Protein made from mRNA
105
Replication
the strands in the original (or parent) DNA separate and allow synthesis of complementary DNA strands (no RNA involved)
106
adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is only found in
RNA
