Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio nerves > chem final > Flashcards

chem final Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

carbs are made of

A

C,H, and O
energy source, ends in “ose”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

monosaccharides

A

simplest, cannot be split (glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

disacccharides

A

2 monosaccharides joined, split by hydrosis

formed by dehydration
maltose, lactose, sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

polysaccharides

A

contains many monosaccharides, can be split by hydrolysis (sucrose +h20)

amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen

formed by glucose rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

aldehyde

A

on the end, carbon 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

carbonyl

A

C=O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ketone

A

between two carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

structural isomer

A

same molecular formula, dif arrangment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stereoisomer

A

double bond, look at H, seperate C atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chiral

A

completely matched, non-superimposable images
e.g. shoes
can be sorted into left and right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

achiral

A

identical mirror images
e.g. socks
cannot be sorted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chirality center

A

C atom in tetrahedral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

achiral center

A

structures are not aligned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vertical lines

A

bonds project backwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

horizontal lines

A

bonds project forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

glyceraldehyde

A

1 chiral C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

important monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides

A

open chains, more stable form pentoses and hexoses
closed ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

alpha isomer

A

OH is below ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

beta isomer

A

OH is above ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

oxidation of monosaccharides

A

aldehyde group forms a carboxylic acid
increases # of C-O bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

reduction of monosaccharides

A

decrease C-O bonds
produces alcohol
used in many sweeteners for “sugar free”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hyperglycimia

A

high levels of glucose, turns urine red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

glycosidic bond

A

connects to monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in Splenda, some of the hydroxyl groups are replaced with

A

Cl atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

starch

A

20% amylose, 80% amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

amylose

A

straight chain of glucose
⍺-1–>4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

amylopectin

A

branched chain of glucose
⍺-1–>6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

glycogen

A

maintains blood glucose levels, branched
stored in the liver and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cellulose

A

all glucose units, straight chain, cannot be digested, insoluble in water
wood, cotton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

carboxylic acids

A

weak acid, sour taste, produce H30+ in water, neutralize bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

IUPAC Names of Carboxylic Acids

A

replace “e” of alkane name with “oic acid”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Properties of Carboxylic Acids

A

2 polar groups (hydroxyl & carbonyl)
dissociation in h20
most acidic
weak acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

esters

A

carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

esterfication

A

presence of heat and acid catalyst (excess alcohol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

carboxylate ion shows a name change from

A

ic acid to ate ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

small esters

A

volatile (evaporate easily)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

amines

A

contain nitrogen, derivatives of ammonia (NH3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

alkyl

A

straight chain carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

aromatic amines

A

analine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

alkyl groups attached to nitrogen (of analine) are named with the prefix

A

N- followed by the akyl name
on aromatic ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Solubility of Amines in Water

A

Amines have polar N–H bonds, they form hydrogen bonds with water
hydrogen bonding: N,O,F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

primary amine:

A

more soluable

44
Q

smaller amines are soluble because of

A

hydrogen bonding amines

45
Q

amines with long nonpolar chains are

A

insoluable

46
Q

ammonia

A

Bronsted-Lowry base (accepts H+ from water, acid)

47
Q

amine (base)

A

accepts H+
reacts with an acid to
form an ammonium salt; no water is formed (salt instead)

48
Q

amides

A

Compounds containing nitrogen; derivatives of carboxylic acids in
which a nitrogen replaces the hydroxyl group

49
Q

amide bond

A

C-N

50
Q

OH group (from carboxylic acid) and an H (from amine) form

A

water

51
Q

1-5 C atom amides are

A

soluable

52
Q

hydrolysis

A

breakage of a chemical bond to form a carboxylate salt and an amine

53
Q

biomolecules

A

large structures with activity

54
Q

lipids

A

a family of biomolecules that have the common property of being soluble in organic solvents but not in water

55
Q

Fatty acids

A

long, unbranched carbon chain with a carboxylic acid group at end
insoluble in water

56
Q

hydrophilic

A

water-loving (carbon chain hydrophobic)

57
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

single bonds
solid at room temp

58
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

double bonds
cannot stack
lower melting points
liquid at room temp

59
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A

1 double bond

60
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

2 double bonds
healthiest

61
Q

shorthand notation

A

12:0
12 carbon atoms, 0 double bonds

62
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids can be drawn as

A

cis or trans

63
Q

Saturated fatty acids fit

A

closely together in a regular pattern, which allows dispersion forces between carbon chains

64
Q

dispersion forces

A

hard to break apart, lots of heat to break

65
Q

unsaturated fatty acids, the cis double bonds cause the carbon chain to

A

“bend”, giving an irregular shape

66
Q

atherosclerosis

A

plaque in the arteries
Omega-3 fatty acids reduce this

67
Q

In the body, fatty acids are stored as

A

triglycerides, tri-esters of glycerol and fatty acids

68
Q

Three hydroxyl groups of glycerol form

A

ester bonds

69
Q

Fats are triglycerides that are ______ at room temp

A

solid

70
Q

Oils are triglycerides that are ______ at room temp

A

liquid

71
Q

Ester bonds are split by ____ in the presence of strong acids

A

water

72
Q

Saponification of Triglycerides

A

ester + strong base –> carboxylate salt and alcohol

73
Q

phospholipids

A

PO4 + amino alcohol (nitrogen)

74
Q

glycerophospholipids

A

contain both polar and nonpolar regions

75
Q

Sphingomyelin

A

No glycerol; contains sphingosine (long-chain amino alcohol)

76
Q

steroid

A

four fused rings (3 cylcohexane, 1 cyclopentane)
nonpolar, 2 methyl groups

77
Q

cholesterol

A

One of the most important and abundant steroids in the body
Soluble in organic solvents, but not water (lipid)

78
Q

lipoproteins

A

transports fat to where its needed
insoluble in blood, outer polar surface

79
Q

LDL

A

BAD
carries cholesterol to tissues where its used for synthesis of cell membranes

80
Q

HDL

A

GOOD
picks up from tissue, carries where its needed

81
Q

steroid hormones

A

chemical messengers that serve as a
communication system from one part of the body to another

82
Q

hydrophilic interactions

A

polar R groups (water loving)

83
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

nonpolar R groups

84
Q

salt bridge (ionic)

A

+ and - polar

85
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

H of polar group and O or N of amino acid

86
Q

disulfide bonds

A

covalent bonds form -SH groups

87
Q

denature of proteins

A

external conditions do not affect order of proteins, looses structure

88
Q

enzyme

A

speeds up chemical reactions
all enzymes end in -ase
specific, occurs at active site

89
Q

Two or more amino acids are also called a

A

peptide

90
Q

the most abundant protein in body

A

collagen

91
Q

1° structural level

A

specific sequence of amino acids in polypeptide

92
Q

2° structural level

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet (hydrogen bonds)

93
Q

3° structural level

A

R groups

94
Q

Three components of nucleotides

A

1) A base that contains nitrogen
2) A five carbon sugar
3) A phosphate group

95
Q

The sugar in RNA is

A

Ribose

96
Q

The sugar in DNA is

A

deoxyribose

97
Q

Nucleotide

A

combination of phosphate and nucleoside

98
Q

Nucleic acids are ________ chains of many
nucleotides

A

unbranched

99
Q

When an aldehyde is reduced (addition of H2), a(n) __________ is produced:

A

alcohol

100
Q

oxidizing agent [O] is being added which converts an alcohol to a

A

ketone

101
Q

A glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides is also a(n):

A

ether bond

102
Q

The peptide bonds that link amino acids in a protein are:

A

amide bonds

103
Q

Transcription

A

the genetic information for the synthesis of a protein is copied from DNA to make mRNA

104
Q

Translation

A

tRNA molecules convert the information (in mRNA) into amino acids

Protein made from mRNA

105
Q

Replication

A

the strands in the original (or parent) DNA separate and allow synthesis of complementary DNA strands (no RNA involved)

106
Q

adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is only found in

A

RNA

bio nerves (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions