bio tissue Flashcards
1
Q
main jobs of nervous system
A
Monitor what’s going on our body
Responds to change
homeostasis
2
Q
Sensory receptors:
A
fire, inside blood vessels that monitor oxygen intake
Sensory input→ integration→ motor output
3
Q
Brain and spinal cord:
A
carry info in and respond out
4
Q
dura mater
A
dense fibrous connective tissue
5
Q
pia mater
A
delicate, can’t see it
6
Q
falx cerebri (dura mater folds)
A
separates two hemispheres of brain
7
Q
Terobrium cerebelli:
A
Separates cerebrum from the cerebelli
8
Q
falx cerebelli
A
separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
9
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
flows through deepest part of brain, carries waste away from neurons, carries nutrients and glucose towards neurons
10
Q
Lateral ventricles
A
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
11
Q
Interventricular foramen:
A
hole that fluid from lateral ventricles flow through
12
Q
Third ventricle
A
in diencephalon ,CSF flows through cerebral aqueduct and into fourth ventricle
12
Q
Fourth ventricle
A
A triangular chamber between the pons and cerebellum in the brain stem. Lateral apertures allow CSF to flow into subarachnoid space. narrows caudally to form the central canal that extends through the medulla oblongata into the spinal cord
13
Q
Choroid plexus
A
The exact spot where u have ependymal cells making CSF
14
Q
Internal arteries bring blood to
A
the brain
15
Q
CSF drains from two layers of dura mater, flows into
A
venous sinuses
16
Q
Epidural space
A
arteries (superficial to dura mater) fast high pressure bleed (medical emergency
17
Q
Subdural space:
A
vein tears (most common, slow bleed, accumulates over time)
-headache, repeats themselves without realizing they said it already
-senior citizens usually
18
Q
PNS consists of
A
nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors and
efferent nerve endings.
19
Q
ganglia
A
cluster or neuron cell bodies
20
Q
Somatic sensory
A
consciously aware sensory input (eyes, ears, skin)
21
Q
Visceral sensory
A
not consciously perceived sensory input (heart)
22
Q
Somatic motor
A
motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled (effector skeletal muscle)
23
Q
Autonomic motor:
A
not consciously or involuntarily controlled (effector cardiac & smooth muscle, glands)
24
Sympathetic division
mobilizes body systems during activity
25
Parasympathetic division
conserves energy, promotes housekeeping functions during rest
26
the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are...
antogonists
27
Dendrites
bring signal into cell
28
Soma (cell body)
nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, a Golgi complex, cytoplasmic inclusions such as lipofuscin, chromatophilic substances, and neurofibrils.
29
Axon
conducts nerve impulses from the neuron to the dendrites or cell body (branch at end)
30
Cranial nerve 10 (vagus nerve)
longest cranial nerve in the body, containing both motor and sensory functions in both the afferent and efferent regards
31
no nerves touch the
heart
32
Alzheimer's disease
form of dementia, disfunction in a protein, neurons cannot get rid of all of their metabolic waste, becomes a plaque that degrades the neuron and blows up the rod (neuron dies)
33
Nervous tissue:
neurons and glial cells
34
Synapse
neuron to neuron
35
gaba
Most abundant neurotransmitter
36
sensory neurons
bring info into cord (afferent)
37
Multipolar neuron
most common form of neuron in CNS
38
Bipolar neuron
2 processes off of cell body (retina of eye)
39
Unipolar neuron:
1 process on cell body, splits into 2+ processes (afferent neurons)
40
SA|ME
sensory: afferent
motor: efferent
41
Astrocytes
attach to neurons and blood vessels (feet form blood brain barrier)
42
Ependymal cell:
Line fluid filled cavities, glial cells (spinal)
43
Microglial cells:
Act like vacuum cleaner, keep fluid around neurons clean
44
Oligodendrocyte
wraps “arms” around axons and insulates it for faster signal, keep cell body separate
45
Multiple sclerosis
damaged oligodendrocyte, chronic inflammation
46
Satellite cell:
cover cell body of afferent neurons and protect
47
Schwan cell:
myelinate and wraps whole cell around axon (release growth factors)
48
neurilemma
tube generated by schwann cell, allows axon to regenerate
49
Primary brain tumor:
formed by glial cells (cell division)
50
Mylientation
make signals travel faster
51
saltatory conduction:
electrical impulse “jumps”
52
Damaged sensory neurons
feeling "numb"
53
Damage to dorsal root
paralysis
54
Epineurium
superficial layer of nerve
55
Thalamus
receives afferent info and sends to cerebra to understand sensation
56
Myelinated axons:
white matter in brain (deep to gray matter)
57
gray matter:
Cell body (superficial)
58
in cord...
white matter superficial, gray matter deep
59
Depolarizations
in which the inside of the membrane becomes less negative (sodium in cell)
*flip the charge
60
Hyperpolarizations
in which the inside of the membrane becomes more negatively charged
61
Repolarization
restore back to resting state (potassium goes out) (-inside, +outside)
62
________ charged proteins in neuron cell
negativley
63
more _____ in cell
potassium
64
more ______ outside cell
sodium
65
Sodium potassium pump
kicks out unwanted sodium ions
66
Neurotransmitters
open sodium channels and cause neuron to fire, or keep sodium channels from opening (depolarize or hyperpolarize)
67
Neuron will respond to whatever neurotransmitter is
most abundant
68
excitatory neurotransmitter
Na+ channels open to postsynaptic neuron
69
Inhibitory synapse
K+
70
pain killers (Novacaine, lidocaine, cocaine)
block sodium channels from opening
71
Voltage gated calcium channels
open (flip the charge)
72
Intracellular concentration of calcium
triggers neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft
73
Acetylcholine
accetyl + coline (attach)
74
Biogenic amines:
catecholamines, serotonin, and
histamine.
75
amino acids
glutamine, gaba
76
Neuropeptides
chains of 2 to 40 amino acids - Synthesized by neurons in
brain or spinal cord.
77
Inotropic drugs
direct (directly open channels)
78
GABA
inhibitory (aminobutyric)
79
Glutamate
excitatory
80
Norepinephrine
excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor type bound
81
Dopamine
excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor type bound
81
serotonin
mainly inhibitory
82
Marijuana
gaba antagonist (not released) 2nd neuron fires like crazy
83
Alcohol
inhibits glutamate release, agonist for gaba, serotonin, dopamine, opioid
-poor motor control (gaba dumped) increase sex desire, food and water, and aggression
-release endorphins, feel no pain
84
The Babinski reflex test checks for:
Descending motor dysfunction (in adults)
85
Somatic
skeletal muscles (motor)
86
Autonomic
viscera (involuntary)
87
Vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels
88
Olfactory nerve
(I)
sense of smell (needs moisture for smell to work)
89
Optic nerve
(II)
inside back of eyeball, light communicates with different cells (bipolar, ganglion)
90
Oculomotor nerve
(III)
opens upper eyelid (droopy eye when damaged) triggers movement of eyebrow, constriction of pupil
91
Trochlear nerve
(IV)
only affects superior oblique muscle
92
Trigeminal nerve
(V)
herpes simplex lives here, three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular.
-sensory touches on face, chewing
93
Abducens nerve
(VI)
affects lateral muscle in your eye
94
Facial nerve
(VII)
facial muscles (nonverbal communication), taste buds
95
Vestibulocochlear nerve
(VIII)
sense of balance, sense of hearing (cochlear branch) equilibrium
96
Glossopharyngeal nerve
(IX)
lifts throat during swallowing, back ⅓ of tongue for taste
97
Vagus nerve
(X)
most diverse, 100% parasympathetic, slows down organs, rest and digest (goes down to digestive tract)
98
Accessory nerve
(XI)
triggers sternocleidomastoid
99
Hypoglossal
(XII)
affects movement of tongue
100
OOOTTAFVGVAH
Ooo to touch and feel very good velvet ah
101
Plexus
nerves branch and cross
102
2 main branches to spinal nerves
dorsal branch (info from back muscles) ventral branch
103
Cervical plexus
c1-c5
104
phrenic nerve (cervical plexus)
triggers diaphragm to contract, (c3,c4,c5 keep the diaphragm alive)
105
Brachial Plexus
c4-t1
Axillary nerve, Radial nerve, Ulnar nerve, Median nerve
106
Lumbar plexus
L1-L5
femoral and oburator
107
Sacral Plexus
L4-S5
common fibular and tibular nerve
108
Sciatic nerve
biggest nerve
109
Shingles
occurs around waist
110
Sympathetic
fight or flight (widespread)
111
Parasympathetic
rest and digest
focuses on organs
112
Stretch receptors
in intestines, communicates with brain to stretch intestines for food
113
Preganglionic neuron
1st neuron
114
Postganglionic neuron:
2nd neuron
115
Thoracic and lumbar:
sympathetic nerves (thoracolumbar division)
116
Cranial nerves and sacral nerves
parasympathetic nerves (craniosacral division)
117
Adrenal gland:
neurostimulation of a hormone
118
Adrenal medulla
releases epinephrine (adrenaline)
119
Most sympathetic post ganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in
sympathetic chain
ACh is excitatory
120
Alpha 1 receptor
vasoconstriction in arteries
121
Beta 2 receptor:
in the walls of bronchioles, causes them to relax (beta 2, 2 lungs)
122
Nicotinic cholinergic receptor:
nicotine binds
-open channels for ions
123
The neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic sympathetic neuron is
norepinephrine
124
The neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron is
ACh
125
The neurotransmitter released from all preganglionic neurons is
ACh
126
General (somatic) senses
touch, temp, pressure, pain– widespread in connective tissue
127
modalities:
sensations
128
Nociceptors
pain receptors that respond to tissue damage
129
Thermoreceptors
mild to extreme temp changes
130
Chemoreceptors
chemical receptors (i.e oxygen intake)
131
Mechanoreceptors
(most abundant): pressure receptors
132
all senses go to the
thalamus
133
general senses go to the
frontal lobe
134
what does NOT go to the thalamus
SMELL
135
One sensory receptor can respond to
one specific modality
136
A fibers
carry Acute sharp pain
137
C fibers
smaller, carry chronic dull pain
138
Endorphins
pain relievers (natural opioids)
139
Special senses:
taste, smell, vision, hearing, sense of equilibrium (in head)
140
what lobe do we percieve taste
parietal lobe (primary)
141
middle ear ossicles
amplify the sound
142
Coplia
“snail like”
where we hear
143
the three semi circular canals stabilize...
equilibrium (static or gravitational)
144
Conjunctiva
layer of clear epithelial cells that cover the eye
145
Lacrimal fluid
tears, rinses particular matter
146
Lacrimal puncta
where tears form
147
Fibrous layer
gives eyeball shape
148
Cornea
light waves come in
149
Iris
pigment of eye, changes diameter of pupil
150
Ciliary body
changes lens of eye
151
Choroid
vascular layer of eye
152
Agistimattism
Can be serious and make your vision blurry
153
Aqueous humor
body fluid in eye
154
Vitreous humor
gelatinous layer
155
Retina
floating membrane that is pushed back
156
Glaucoma
increase in aqueous humor, puts pressure on lens, damages sensory receptors
157
Mature cataract:
seen in older ages
158
Accommodation
the ability of your lens to change shape depending on close or far (loss around age 40ish)
159
Myopic eye:
nearsighted (correct with concave lenses)
159
Hyperopic eye
farsighted (correct with convex lenses)
160
rods only fire in...
black and white
161
image hits occipital lobe
upside down and backwards
162
_____ only undergoes accomodation
sight
163
photoreceptors
respond to light
164
proprioceptors
sense the position and movements of your body
165
exteroceptors
sense stimuli from outside the body
166
interoceptors
sense stimuli from inside the body
167
heart attacks can cause referred pain in the...
left arm
168
pain from the head travels to what cranial nerves
trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
169
pain signals terminate in the
medulla
170
pain from the neck down travels to what ascending spinal cord tracts?
spinothalamic, spinoreticular, gracile fasciulus
171
what connective tissue layer covers fasicles of nerves?
perineurium
172
what is lipofuscin
a pigment created by lysosomes when they digest worn out organelles
173
what type of glial cell forms the blood brain barrier
astrocyte
174
these cells are analogous to Schwann cells of the PNS
oligodendrocytes
175
depolarization of action potential involves
opening of sodium channels
176
neurotransmitter that can cause increase in sexual desire, desire for food and water, and aggression
seratonin
177
a nerve fiber is an
axon
178
order the flow of CSF through brain ventricles
1. lateral ventricles
2. interventricular foramen
3. third ventricle
4. fourth ventricle
179
blood is delivered to the brain by
internal carotid arteries and basilar artery
180
women are able to multitask well because they have a larger
corpus callosum
181
type of fibers that allow for communication from one hemisphere to another
commissural
182
i associate the smell of gardenias with my grandmother through my
limbic system
183
type of wave that shows up on ECG when we are mentally focused
beta
184
region that contains afferent nuclei of interneurons
dorsal horn
185
pathway carrying mainly pain and temperature impulses
spinothalamic
186
neuromuscular condition involving destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tracts
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
187
this lobe houses the primary motor cortex
frontal
188
mixed nerves contain
sensory and motor fibers
189
these rami form nerve plexuses
ventral rami
189
this contains the pineal gland
epithalamus
190
these types of neurons are always sensory neurons
unipolar
191
responses of PNS
decreased airway diamter, genital engorgement, digestion, decreased heart rate
191
parasympathetic ganglia are known as
terminal ganglia
192
the order of membrane vibration in the ear is
tympanic, basilar, tectorial
193
order the pathway of hearing
1. sound waves travel to auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane
2. ossicles vibrate the oval window, moving food in Cochlear Duct
3. Basilar membrane is moved which moves hair cells against Tectorial membrane
4. AP is generated that travels to medulla > thalamus > temporal lobe
194
this contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses
thalamus
195
RAS is responsible for what
maintaining consciousness and awakeness
196
the cerebellum is responsible for what
maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance
197
pathway of smelling
1. olfactory receptors convey nerve impulses to C1
2. go to olfactory bulbs
3. go to olfactory tracts
4. olfactory signals are recieved by the primary olfactory cortex in the medial surface of the temporal lobe
198
pathway of vision
1.conjuctiva-->cornea->aqueous humor
2. pupil
3.lens
4.rods and cones
5. bipolar cells
6. ganglion cells
7.retina
8. optic nerve
9.optic chiasma
199
pathway of taste
1. gustatory receptor cells
2. cranialnerves VII, IX, X
3. parietal lobe of cerebral cortex
4. parasympathetic secretion
