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bio tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

main jobs of nervous system

A

Monitor what’s going on our body
Responds to change
homeostasis

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2
Q

Sensory receptors:

A

fire, inside blood vessels that monitor oxygen intake
Sensory input→ integration→ motor output

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3
Q

Brain and spinal cord:

A

carry info in and respond out

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4
Q

dura mater

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

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5
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, can’t see it

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6
Q

falx cerebri (dura mater folds)

A

separates two hemispheres of brain

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7
Q

Terobrium cerebelli:

A

Separates cerebrum from the cerebelli

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8
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

flows through deepest part of brain, carries waste away from neurons, carries nutrients and glucose towards neurons

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10
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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11
Q

Interventricular foramen:

A

hole that fluid from lateral ventricles flow through

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12
Q

Third ventricle

A

in diencephalon ,CSF flows through cerebral aqueduct and into fourth ventricle

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12
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

A triangular chamber between the pons and cerebellum in the brain stem. Lateral apertures allow CSF to flow into subarachnoid space. narrows caudally to form the central canal that extends through the medulla oblongata into the spinal cord

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13
Q

Choroid plexus

A

The exact spot where u have ependymal cells making CSF

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14
Q

Internal arteries bring blood to

A

the brain

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15
Q

CSF drains from two layers of dura mater, flows into

A

venous sinuses

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16
Q

Epidural space

A

arteries (superficial to dura mater) fast high pressure bleed (medical emergency

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17
Q

Subdural space:

A

vein tears (most common, slow bleed, accumulates over time)
-headache, repeats themselves without realizing they said it already
-senior citizens usually

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18
Q

PNS consists of

A

nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors and
efferent nerve endings.

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19
Q

ganglia

A

cluster or neuron cell bodies

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20
Q

Somatic sensory

A

consciously aware sensory input (eyes, ears, skin)

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21
Q

Visceral sensory

A

not consciously perceived sensory input (heart)

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22
Q

Somatic motor

A

motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled (effector skeletal muscle)

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23
Q

Autonomic motor:

A

not consciously or involuntarily controlled (effector cardiac & smooth muscle, glands)

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24
Q

Sympathetic division

A

mobilizes body systems during activity

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25
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

conserves energy, promotes housekeeping functions during rest

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26
Q

the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are…

A

antogonists

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27
Q

Dendrites

A

bring signal into cell

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28
Q

Soma (cell body)

A

nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, a Golgi complex, cytoplasmic inclusions such as lipofuscin, chromatophilic substances, and neurofibrils.

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29
Q

Axon

A

conducts nerve impulses from the neuron to the dendrites or cell body (branch at end)

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30
Q

Cranial nerve 10 (vagus nerve)

A

longest cranial nerve in the body, containing both motor and sensory functions in both the afferent and efferent regards

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31
Q

no nerves touch the

A

heart

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32
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

form of dementia, disfunction in a protein, neurons cannot get rid of all of their metabolic waste, becomes a plaque that degrades the neuron and blows up the rod (neuron dies)

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33
Q

Nervous tissue:

A

neurons and glial cells

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34
Q

Synapse

A

neuron to neuron

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35
Q

gaba

A

Most abundant neurotransmitter

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36
Q

sensory neurons

A

bring info into cord (afferent)

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37
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

most common form of neuron in CNS

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38
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

2 processes off of cell body (retina of eye)

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39
Q

Unipolar neuron:

A

1 process on cell body, splits into 2+ processes (afferent neurons)

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40
Q

SA|ME

A

sensory: afferent
motor: efferent

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41
Q

Astrocytes

A

attach to neurons and blood vessels (feet form blood brain barrier)

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42
Q

Ependymal cell:

A

Line fluid filled cavities, glial cells (spinal)

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43
Q

Microglial cells:

A

Act like vacuum cleaner, keep fluid around neurons clean

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44
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

wraps “arms” around axons and insulates it for faster signal, keep cell body separate

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45
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

damaged oligodendrocyte, chronic inflammation

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46
Q

Satellite cell:

A

cover cell body of afferent neurons and protect

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47
Q

Schwan cell:

A

myelinate and wraps whole cell around axon (release growth factors)

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48
Q

neurilemma

A

tube generated by schwann cell, allows axon to regenerate

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49
Q

Primary brain tumor:

A

formed by glial cells (cell division)

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50
Q

Mylientation

A

make signals travel faster

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51
Q

saltatory conduction:

A

electrical impulse “jumps”

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52
Q

Damaged sensory neurons

A

feeling “numb”

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53
Q

Damage to dorsal root

A

paralysis

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54
Q

Epineurium

A

superficial layer of nerve

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55
Q

Thalamus

A

receives afferent info and sends to cerebra to understand sensation

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56
Q

Myelinated axons:

A

white matter in brain (deep to gray matter)

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57
Q

gray matter:

A

Cell body (superficial)

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58
Q

in cord…

A

white matter superficial, gray matter deep

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59
Q

Depolarizations

A

in which the inside of the membrane becomes less negative (sodium in cell)
*flip the charge

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60
Q

Hyperpolarizations

A

in which the inside of the membrane becomes more negatively charged

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61
Q

Repolarization

A

restore back to resting state (potassium goes out) (-inside, +outside)

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62
Q

________ charged proteins in neuron cell

A

negativley

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63
Q

more _____ in cell

A

potassium

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64
Q

more ______ outside cell

A

sodium

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65
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

kicks out unwanted sodium ions

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66
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

open sodium channels and cause neuron to fire, or keep sodium channels from opening (depolarize or hyperpolarize)

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67
Q

Neuron will respond to whatever neurotransmitter is

A

most abundant

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68
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Na+ channels open to postsynaptic neuron

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69
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

K+

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70
Q

pain killers (Novacaine, lidocaine, cocaine)

A

block sodium channels from opening

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71
Q

Voltage gated calcium channels

A

open (flip the charge)

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72
Q

Intracellular concentration of calcium

A

triggers neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft

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73
Q

Acetylcholine

A

accetyl + coline (attach)

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74
Q

Biogenic amines:

A

catecholamines, serotonin, and
histamine.

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75
Q

amino acids

A

glutamine, gaba

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76
Q

Neuropeptides

A

chains of 2 to 40 amino acids - Synthesized by neurons in
brain or spinal cord.

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77
Q

Inotropic drugs

A

direct (directly open channels)

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78
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory (aminobutyric)

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79
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory

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80
Q

Norepinephrine

A

excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor type bound

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81
Q

Dopamine

A

excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor type bound

81
Q

serotonin

A

mainly inhibitory

82
Q

Marijuana

A

gaba antagonist (not released) 2nd neuron fires like crazy

83
Q

Alcohol

A

inhibits glutamate release, agonist for gaba, serotonin, dopamine, opioid

-poor motor control (gaba dumped) increase sex desire, food and water, and aggression
-release endorphins, feel no pain

84
Q

The Babinski reflex test checks for:

A

Descending motor dysfunction (in adults)

85
Q

Somatic

A

skeletal muscles (motor)

86
Q

Autonomic

A

viscera (involuntary)

87
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels

88
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

(I)
sense of smell (needs moisture for smell to work)

89
Q

Optic nerve

A

(II)
inside back of eyeball, light communicates with different cells (bipolar, ganglion)

90
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

(III)
opens upper eyelid (droopy eye when damaged) triggers movement of eyebrow, constriction of pupil

91
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

(IV)
only affects superior oblique muscle

92
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

(V)
herpes simplex lives here, three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular.
-sensory touches on face, chewing

93
Q

Abducens nerve

A

(VI)
affects lateral muscle in your eye

94
Q

Facial nerve

A

(VII)
facial muscles (nonverbal communication), taste buds

95
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

(VIII)
sense of balance, sense of hearing (cochlear branch) equilibrium

96
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

(IX)
lifts throat during swallowing, back ⅓ of tongue for taste

97
Q

Vagus nerve

A

(X)
most diverse, 100% parasympathetic, slows down organs, rest and digest (goes down to digestive tract)

98
Q

Accessory nerve

A

(XI)
triggers sternocleidomastoid

99
Q

Hypoglossal

A

(XII)
affects movement of tongue

100
Q

OOOTTAFVGVAH

A

Ooo to touch and feel very good velvet ah

101
Q

Plexus

A

nerves branch and cross

102
Q

2 main branches to spinal nerves

A

dorsal branch (info from back muscles) ventral branch

103
Q

Cervical plexus

A

c1-c5

104
Q

phrenic nerve (cervical plexus)

A

triggers diaphragm to contract, (c3,c4,c5 keep the diaphragm alive)

105
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

c4-t1
Axillary nerve, Radial nerve, Ulnar nerve, Median nerve

106
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

L1-L5
femoral and oburator

107
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L4-S5
common fibular and tibular nerve

108
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

biggest nerve

109
Q

Shingles

A

occurs around waist

110
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight or flight (widespread)

111
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest
focuses on organs

112
Q

Stretch receptors

A

in intestines, communicates with brain to stretch intestines for food

113
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

1st neuron

114
Q

Postganglionic neuron:

A

2nd neuron

115
Q

Thoracic and lumbar:

A

sympathetic nerves (thoracolumbar division)

116
Q

Cranial nerves and sacral nerves

A

parasympathetic nerves (craniosacral division)

117
Q

Adrenal gland:

A

neurostimulation of a hormone

118
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

releases epinephrine (adrenaline)

119
Q

Most sympathetic post ganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in

A

sympathetic chain
ACh is excitatory

120
Q

Alpha 1 receptor

A

vasoconstriction in arteries

121
Q

Beta 2 receptor:

A

in the walls of bronchioles, causes them to relax (beta 2, 2 lungs)

122
Q

Nicotinic cholinergic receptor:

A

nicotine binds
-open channels for ions

123
Q

The neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic sympathetic neuron is

A

norepinephrine

124
Q

The neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron is

A

ACh

125
Q

The neurotransmitter released from all preganglionic neurons is

A

ACh

126
Q

General (somatic) senses

A

touch, temp, pressure, pain– widespread in connective tissue

127
Q

modalities:

A

sensations

128
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain receptors that respond to tissue damage

129
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

mild to extreme temp changes

130
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

chemical receptors (i.e oxygen intake)

131
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

(most abundant): pressure receptors

132
Q

all senses go to the

A

thalamus

133
Q

general senses go to the

A

frontal lobe

134
Q

what does NOT go to the thalamus

A

SMELL

135
Q

One sensory receptor can respond to

A

one specific modality

136
Q

A fibers

A

carry Acute sharp pain

137
Q

C fibers

A

smaller, carry chronic dull pain

138
Q

Endorphins

A

pain relievers (natural opioids)

139
Q

Special senses:

A

taste, smell, vision, hearing, sense of equilibrium (in head)

140
Q

what lobe do we percieve taste

A

parietal lobe (primary)

141
Q

middle ear ossicles

A

amplify the sound

142
Q

Coplia

A

“snail like”
where we hear

143
Q

the three semi circular canals stabilize…

A

equilibrium (static or gravitational)

144
Q

Conjunctiva

A

layer of clear epithelial cells that cover the eye

145
Q

Lacrimal fluid

A

tears, rinses particular matter

146
Q

Lacrimal puncta

A

where tears form

147
Q

Fibrous layer

A

gives eyeball shape

148
Q

Cornea

A

light waves come in

149
Q

Iris

A

pigment of eye, changes diameter of pupil

150
Q

Ciliary body

A

changes lens of eye

151
Q

Choroid

A

vascular layer of eye

152
Q

Agistimattism

A

Can be serious and make your vision blurry

153
Q

Aqueous humor

A

body fluid in eye

154
Q

Vitreous humor

A

gelatinous layer

155
Q

Retina

A

floating membrane that is pushed back

156
Q

Glaucoma

A

increase in aqueous humor, puts pressure on lens, damages sensory receptors

157
Q

Mature cataract:

A

seen in older ages

158
Q

Accommodation

A

the ability of your lens to change shape depending on close or far (loss around age 40ish)

159
Q

Myopic eye:

A

nearsighted (correct with concave lenses)

159
Q

Hyperopic eye

A

farsighted (correct with convex lenses)

160
Q

rods only fire in…

A

black and white

161
Q

image hits occipital lobe

A

upside down and backwards

162
Q

_____ only undergoes accomodation

A

sight

163
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light

164
Q

proprioceptors

A

sense the position and movements of your body

165
Q

exteroceptors

A

sense stimuli from outside the body

166
Q

interoceptors

A

sense stimuli from inside the body

167
Q

heart attacks can cause referred pain in the…

A

left arm

168
Q

pain from the head travels to what cranial nerves

A

trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

169
Q

pain signals terminate in the

A

medulla

170
Q

pain from the neck down travels to what ascending spinal cord tracts?

A

spinothalamic, spinoreticular, gracile fasciulus

171
Q

what connective tissue layer covers fasicles of nerves?

A

perineurium

172
Q

what is lipofuscin

A

a pigment created by lysosomes when they digest worn out organelles

173
Q

what type of glial cell forms the blood brain barrier

A

astrocyte

174
Q

these cells are analogous to Schwann cells of the PNS

A

oligodendrocytes

175
Q

depolarization of action potential involves

A

opening of sodium channels

176
Q

neurotransmitter that can cause increase in sexual desire, desire for food and water, and aggression

A

seratonin

177
Q

a nerve fiber is an

A

axon

178
Q

order the flow of CSF through brain ventricles

A
  1. lateral ventricles
  2. interventricular foramen
  3. third ventricle
  4. fourth ventricle
179
Q

blood is delivered to the brain by

A

internal carotid arteries and basilar artery

180
Q

women are able to multitask well because they have a larger

A

corpus callosum

181
Q

type of fibers that allow for communication from one hemisphere to another

A

commissural

182
Q

i associate the smell of gardenias with my grandmother through my

A

limbic system

183
Q

type of wave that shows up on ECG when we are mentally focused

A

beta

184
Q

region that contains afferent nuclei of interneurons

A

dorsal horn

185
Q

pathway carrying mainly pain and temperature impulses

A

spinothalamic

186
Q

neuromuscular condition involving destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tracts

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

187
Q

this lobe houses the primary motor cortex

A

frontal

188
Q

mixed nerves contain

A

sensory and motor fibers

189
Q

these rami form nerve plexuses

A

ventral rami

189
Q

this contains the pineal gland

A

epithalamus

190
Q

these types of neurons are always sensory neurons

A

unipolar

191
Q

responses of PNS

A

decreased airway diamter, genital engorgement, digestion, decreased heart rate

191
Q

parasympathetic ganglia are known as

A

terminal ganglia

192
Q

the order of membrane vibration in the ear is

A

tympanic, basilar, tectorial

193
Q

order the pathway of hearing

A
  1. sound waves travel to auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane
  2. ossicles vibrate the oval window, moving food in Cochlear Duct
  3. Basilar membrane is moved which moves hair cells against Tectorial membrane
  4. AP is generated that travels to medulla > thalamus > temporal lobe
194
Q

this contains nuclei that serve as relay stations for all sensory impulses

A

thalamus

195
Q

RAS is responsible for what

A

maintaining consciousness and awakeness

196
Q

the cerebellum is responsible for what

A

maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance

197
Q

pathway of smelling

A
  1. olfactory receptors convey nerve impulses to C1
  2. go to olfactory bulbs
  3. go to olfactory tracts
  4. olfactory signals are recieved by the primary olfactory cortex in the medial surface of the temporal lobe
198
Q

pathway of vision

A

1.conjuctiva–>cornea->aqueous humor
2. pupil
3.lens
4.rods and cones
5. bipolar cells
6. ganglion cells
7.retina
8. optic nerve
9.optic chiasma

199
Q

pathway of taste

A
  1. gustatory receptor cells
  2. cranialnerves VII, IX, X
  3. parietal lobe of cerebral cortex
  4. parasympathetic secretion

bio nerves (2 decks)

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